scholarly journals Fair Insurance Premium Rate in Connected SEIR Model under Epidemic Outbreak

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Chernov ◽  
Aleksandr Shemendyuk ◽  
Mark Kelbert
Keyword(s):  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Initial Distribution ◽  
Insurance Premium ◽  
Epidemic Outbreak ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Optimal Insurance ◽  
Premium Rate ◽  
Simple Set ◽  
Insurance Costs ◽  
Set Up

In this paper, we aim to determine an optimal insurance premium rate for health-care in deterministic and stochastic SEIR models. The studied models consider two standard SEIR centres characterised by migration fluxes and vaccination of population. The premium is calculated using the basic equivalence principle. Even in this simple set-up, there are non-intuitive results that illustrate how the premium depends on migration rates, the severity of a disease and the initial distribution of healthy and infected individuals through the centres. We investigate how the vaccination program affects the insurance costs by comparing the savings in benefits with the expenses for vaccination. We compare the results of deterministic and stochastic models.

scholarly journals Seasonal variations and north–south asymmetries in polar wind outflow due to solar illumination

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 961-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Maes ◽  
Romain Maggiolo ◽  
Johan De Keyser
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Solar Zenith Angle ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Polar Ionosphere ◽  
Polar Cap ◽  
Polar Wind ◽  
Simple Set ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth ◽  
Set Up

Abstract. The cold ions (energy less than several tens of electronvolts) flowing out from the polar ionosphere, called the polar wind, are an important source of plasma for the magnetosphere. The main source of energy driving the polar wind is solar illumination, which therefore has a large influence on the outflow. Observations have shown that solar illumination creates roughly two distinct regimes where the outflow from a sunlit ionosphere is higher than that from a dark one. The transition between both regimes is at a solar zenith angle larger than 90°. The rotation of the Earth and its orbit around the Sun causes the magnetic polar cap to move into and out of the sunlight. In this paper we use a simple set-up to study qualitatively the effects of these variations in solar illumination of the polar cap on the ion flux from the whole polar cap. We find that this flux exhibits diurnal and seasonal variations even when combining the flux from both hemispheres. In addition there are asymmetries between the outflows from the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.

scholarly journals PENENTUAN NILAI PREMI ASURANSI PERTANIAN BERBASIS INDEKS CURAH HUJAN PADA KOMODITAS KEDELAI YANG DISIMULASI MENGGUNAKAN DISTRIBUSI WEIBULL

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
NI PUTU AYUNDA SURYA DEWI ◽  
KOMANG DHARMAWAN ◽  
KARTIKA SARI
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Premium ◽  
Weather Generator ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Agricultural Insurance ◽  
Stochastic Weather Generator ◽  
Insurance Premiums ◽  
Rainfall Index ◽  
Insurance Costs

Agricultural insurance protects farmers who experience crop failure. This study aims to calculate the value of agricultural insurance premium by applying simulated rainfall index-based using stochastic weather generator on soybean commodities in Negara sub-district. This study are used rainfall data to determine the probability of the transition, then perform rainfall simulations using the Stochastic Weather Generator method to obtain trigger values and continued with the calculation of agricultural insurance premiums. Results of this study provide the value that higher trigger is taken, the greater the insurance premium that must be paid. The value of insurance premiums to be paid is 4,18% - 5,66% of insurance costs Rp2.605.000,00.

scholarly journals Dynamic Pricing of General Insurance in a Competitive Market

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Emms
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Pricing ◽  
Insurance Premium ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
Insurance Pricing ◽  
Terminal Wealth ◽  
Optimal Insurance ◽  
General Insurance ◽  
Discounted Utility ◽  
Strategy Changes ◽  
Wealth Generation

A model for general insurance pricing is developed which represents a stochastic generalisation of the discrete model proposed by Taylor (1986). This model determines the insurance premium based both on the breakeven premium and the competing premiums offered by the rest of the insurance market. The optimal premium is determined using stochastic optimal control theory for two objective functions in order to examine how the optimal premium strategy changes with the insurer’s objective. Each of these problems can be formulated in terms of a multi-dimensional Bellman equation.In the first problem the optimal insurance premium is calculated when the insurer maximises its expected terminal wealth. In the second, the premium is found if the insurer maximises the expected total discounted utility of wealth where the utility function is nonlinear in the wealth. The solution to both these problems is built-up from simpler optimisation problems. For the terminal wealth problem with constant loss-ratio the optimal premium strategy can be found analytically. For the total wealth problem the optimal relative premium is found to increase with the insurer’s risk aversion which leads to reduced market exposure and lower overall wealth generation.

The Art of Teaching: A Technique for Solving Simple “Set Up” Equations in One Unknown

1946 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
May L. Wilt
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Teaching Techniques ◽  
Simple Set ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Ability Groups ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Art Of Teaching ◽  
Set Up ◽  
One Year

No longer can teachers of mathematics be satisfied with the type of teaching that produces uncertain results. The first year of algebra is a good starting point for developing teaching techniques. Most children, who have had one year of algebra, can solve simple “set up” equations in one unknown if they are directed “what to do next.” They should be able to know “what to do next.” Very bright children find out for themselves, but the average and slower ability groups must be helped to develop a technique that will produce certainty and accuracy in results.

scholarly journals A Leaf Selfie: Using a Smartphone to Quantify Leaf Vulnerability to Hydraulic Dysfunction

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Petruzzellis ◽  
Martina Tomasella ◽  
Andrea Miotto ◽  
Sara Natale ◽  
Patrizia Trifilò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Xylem Embolism ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Simple Set ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Ostrya Carpinifolia

Accurate predictions of species distribution under current and future climate conditions require modeling efforts based on clear mechanistic relationships between climate variables and plant physiological functions. Vulnerability of leaves to xylem embolism is a key mechanistic trait that might be included in these modeling efforts. Here, we propose a simple set-up to measure leaf vulnerability to embolism on the basis of the optical method using a smartphone, a light source, and a notebook. Our data show that this proposed set-up can adequately quantify the vulnerability to xylem embolism of leaf major veins in Populus nigra and Ostrya carpinifolia, producing values consistent with those obtained in temperate tree species with other methods, allowing virtually any laboratory to quantify species-specific drought tolerance on the basis of a sound mechanistic trait.

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