Optimization of radiation exposure for staff using e-controlling devices during radiopharmaceuticals' loading and dispensing procedures in F18-PET/CT daily practice

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
C. Peștean ◽  
E. Bărbuș ◽  
M.L. Larg ◽  
D. Piciu
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Annual Dose ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Total Effective Dose ◽  
Loading Procedure

Background: F18-PET/CT technique has been permanently optimized to ensure the best accuracy and to extend its clinical application. Radiation protection remains an omnipresent aspect of daily practice in F18-PET/CT. Introduction: We tried to demonstrate the usefulness of remotely controlled radiopharmaceutical dispensers with smart-phones or tablets in the optimization of staff exposure. Material and methods: We performed a study to evaluate the exposure during loading and dispensing of radiopharmaceuticals working in two different ways: according to the user's manual of the automatic dispenser and, respectively, with an e-controlling application. We calculated the maximal radiation exposure and analyzed the differences related to the annual effective dose. Have been considered 40 loading and 353 dispensing procedures. During the loading, it has been manipulated a total activity of 9348.8 mCi (345905.6 MBq) FDG. A total activity of 2622.5 mCi (97032.5 MBq) FDG has been manipulated during dispensing. Results: The effective dose resulted from the loading procedure measured at the dispenser contact was 445.05 µSv. The effective dose measured in the remote control area during the loading procedure was 0.34 µSv, having a difference of 444.71 µSv. The total effective dose during dispensing procedures measured at the dispenser was 206.6 µSv and the total effective dose measured in the controlling room was 2.64 µSv, thus a difference of 203.96 µSv. The cumulative difference between the effective doses was of 648.67 µSv. Discussion: E-controlling the dispenser, we got an exposure saving representing 61.2% from the operator's annual dose. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of e-controlling devices in radiation protection of the staff working in F18-PET/CT.

Radiation exposure of the staff at the therapeutic and diagnostic nuclear medicine department

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (04) ◽  
pp. 175-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dolezal
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Personal Dosimetry ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Administered Activity

SummaryAim: To assess a radiation exposure and the quality of radiation protection concerning a nuclear medicine staff at our department as a six-year retrospective study. Therapeutic radionuclides such as 131I, 153Sm, 186Re, 32P, 90Y and diagnostic ones as a 99mTc, 201Tl, 67Ga, 111In were used. Material, method: The effective dose was evaluated in the period of 2001–2006 for nuclear medicine physicians (n = 5), technologists (n = 9) and radiopharmacists (n = 2). A personnel film dosimeter and thermoluminescent ring dosimeter for measuring (1-month periods) the personal dose equivalent Hp(10) and Hp(0,07) were used by nuclear medicine workers. The wearing of dosimeters was obligatory within the framework of a nationwide service for personal dosimetry. The total administered activity of all radionuclides during these six years at our department was 17,779 GBq (99mTc 14 708 GBq, 131I 2490 GBq, others 581 GBq). The administered activity of 99mTc was similar, but the administered activity of 131I in 2006 increased by 200%, as compared with the year 2001. Results: The mean and one standard deviation (SD) of the personal annual effective dose (mSv) for nuclear medicine physicians was 1.9 ± 0.6, 1.8 ± 0.8, 1.2 ± 0.8, 1.4 ± 0.8, 1.3 ± 0.6, 0.8 ± 0.4 and for nuclear medicine technologists was 1.9 ± 0.8, 1.7 ± 1.4, 1.0 ± 1.0, 1.1 ± 1.2, 0.9 ± 0.4 and 0.7 ± 0.2 in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. The mean (n = 2, estimate of SD makes little sense) of the personal annual effective dose (mSv) for radiopharmacists was 3.2, 1.8, 0.6, 1.3, 0.6 and 0.3. Although the administered activity of 131I increased, the mean personal effective dose per year decreased during the six years. Conclusion: In all three professional groups of nuclear medicine workers a decreasing radiation exposure was found, although the administered activity of 131I increased during this six-year period. Our observations suggest successful radiation protection measures at our department.

Radiation doses deriving from patients treated with 166Ho-ferric hydroxide

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (06) ◽  
pp. 251-254
Author(s):  
C. Pirich ◽  
P. John ◽  
S. Ofluoglu ◽  
H. Sinzinger ◽  
E. Havlik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Ferric Hydroxide ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Annual Dose ◽  
Tracer Injection ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Protection Devices

Summary Aim: To estimate radiation doses deriving from patients treated with 166Ho ferric hydroxide. Methods: For radiation synoviorthesis about 900 ± 100 MBq 166Ho ferric hydroxide was injected into the knee joint of 16 patients. To estimate the radiation exposure of persons in the neighbourhood of the patients measurements of the dose rates were performed at 0.5 m, 1 m and 2 m distance of the treated joint 10 min after tracer injection. Measurements were carried out with and without radiation protection devices of the syringe. Results: The initial values of the dose rate were 11.9 μSv/h at 0.5 m, 3.5 μSv/h at 1 m and 1 μSv/h at 2 m distance, respectively. The whole body doses were 2.9 μSv for the physician and 4.6 μSv for the technologist. The finger doses for the technologist and the physician were ranging from 65 to 111 μSv. After discharge at home other persons might receive 118 μSv. Conclusion: Our results, under very strict assumptions, clearly demonstrate that the calculated radiation exposure to medical and non medical personnel is well below the maximum annual dose limit. The use of any additional radiation protection device as syringe shielding does not significantly lower radiation exposure.

Radiation Examination of Newborns with General Therapeutic Hypothermia

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Н. Воротынцева ◽  
N. Vorotynceva ◽  
В. Орлова ◽  
V. Orlova
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Chronic Bronchitis ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Uranium Mines ◽  
Occupational Lung Cancer ◽  
Total Effective Dose

Purpose: Search of possible criteria of the diagnosis of occupational lung cancer in workers of uranium mines on the basis of the analysis of literary data. Material and methods: The analysis of literary data with the purpose of allocation of possible criteria and their use for the diagnosis of occupational lung cancer at 6 employees of uranium mines. Results: The following criteria for the diagnosis of occupationally caused lung cancer at workers of uranium mines are marked out: • Total effective dose of radiation exposure is more 200–250 mSv (40–50 WLM). • Period in underground conditions is not less than 10 years. • Dust content in a workplace is more than 1 mg/m3. • Hygienic assessment of working conditions – the 3rd class, 3.2–3.4 degree. • The latent period of development of a tumor is not less 10 years. • Development of primary and multiple synchronous or metachronous lung cancer. Also the diagnosis of occupational lung cancer the pulmonary anamnesis (frequent bronchitis, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis of the smoker) has to be considered. On the basis of the marked-out criteria documents of 6 employees of uranium mines, at which lung cancer has been revealed, are considered. On the basis of the carried-out analysis at 5 patients relation of a disease with professional activity has been established. One patient was denied this relation. Conclusion: Authors offer this expert approach to experts’ discussion as above-mentioned criteria is planned to be used by the pathologists who are carrying out observation of workers of uranium production and for the solution of questions of relation of a disease with professional activity of the patient.

scholarly journals It's Time for a New Low-Dose-Radiation Risk Assessment Paradigm—One that Acknowledges Hormesis

Dose-Response ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. dose-response.0 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bobby R. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Current System ◽  
Equivalent Dose ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
The Public ◽  
Nuclear Workers ◽  
Radiation Induced

The current system of radiation protection for humans is based on the linear-no-threshold (LNT) risk-assessment paradigm. Perceived harm to irradiated nuclear workers and the public is mainly reflected through calculated hypothetical increased cancers. The LNT-based system of protection employs easy-to-implement measures of radiation exposure. Such measures include the equivalent dose (a biological-damage-potential-weighted measure) and the effective dose (equivalent dose multiplied by a tissue-specific relative sensitivity factor for stochastic effects). These weighted doses have special units such as the sievert (Sv) and millisievert (mSv, one thousandth of a sievert). Radiation-induced harm is controlled via enforcing exposure limits expressed as effective dose. Expected cancer cases can be easily computed based on the summed effective dose (person-sievert) for an irradiated group or population. Yet the current system of radiation protection needs revision because radiation-induced natural protection (hormesis) has been neglected. A novel, nonlinear, hormetic relative risk model for radiation-induced cancers is discussed in the context of establishing new radiation exposure limits for nuclear workers and the public.

Radiation exposure of patients undergoing whole-body FDG-PET/CT examinations

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (05) ◽  
pp. 217-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Noßke ◽  
U. Leche ◽  
G. Brix
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Organ Doses ◽  
Weighting Factors ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Conversion Coefficients ◽  
Fdg Pet Ct

SummaryAim: Reinvestigation of the radiation exposure of patients undergoing whole-body [18F]FDG-PET/CT examinations pursuant to the revised recommendations of the ICRP. Methods: Conversion coefficients for equivalent organ doses were determined for realistic anthropomorphic phantoms of reference persons. Based on these data, conversion coefficients for the effective dose were calculated using the revised tissue-weighting factors that account for the different radiation susceptibilities of organs and tissues, and the redefinition of the group ‘remainder tissues’. Results: Despite the markedly changed values of the equivalent organ doses estimated for FDG and of the tissue-weighting factors, the conversion coefficient for the effective dose resulting from FDG administration decreases only slightly by 10 %. For whole-body CT scans it remains even unchanged. Conclusion: The updated dose coefficients provide a valuable tool to easily assess the generic radiation risk of patients undergoing whole- body PET/CT (or PET/MRI) examinations and can be used, amongst others, for protocol optimization.

scholarly journals Investigating the effective annual dose of radiation angiography department of Afshar Hospital in Yazd and providing radiation protection strategies to better manage the dose received by staff

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Asgari ◽  
AA Parach ◽  
SJ Mirmohammadi ◽  
AH Mehrparvar ◽  
E Daneshian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Annual Dose ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Occupational Dose ◽  
Effective Annual Dose ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Radiation Workers

Introduction: Due to the increasing use of angiography procedures and the higher risk of deterministic and stochastic effects for radiation workers of these sections than other radiological procedures, radiation safety is very important among angiography staff. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain the effective dose of angiography staff, compare them with the standard dose limit, and finally outline the strategies for occupational dose reduction in angiography. Methods: In this study, the report of film dosimetry of angiography staff was studied and the effective periodic and annual doses of 34 radiographs were reported from the year 2015 to 2018. The relationship between effective dose and body mass index, work experience, gender and age of staff was also evaluated. Results: The results showed that the average effective dose of the physicians, nurses and radiographers in 2 months period were 0.2 mSv and their average annual effective dose were 1.6, 1.2 and 1.2, respectively. In addition, there were no significant relationship between effective dose and work experience, age, sex and BMI of the radiation workers. Conclusion: The effective dose of radiation in this study is less than the annual dose.. Low effective doses do not make their radiation protection less important because this reduction can be due to radiation protection by personnel in this ward. Therefore, as far as possible, radiation protection measures should be taken to reduce the radiation exposure of catheterization lab staff. In these radiologists thyroid protection, eyes, gonads, and the organs that are usually outside the lead apron is of great importance.

Possible Criteria of the Diagnosis of Occupational Lung Cancer in Workers of Uranium Mines

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
И. Галстян ◽  
I. Galstyan ◽  
А. Кретов ◽  
A. Kretov ◽  
Л. Мерзликин ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Chronic Bronchitis ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Uranium Mines ◽  
Occupational Lung Cancer ◽  
Total Effective Dose

Purpose: Search of possible criteria of the diagnosis of occupational lung cancer in workers of uranium mines on the basis of the analysis of literary data. Material and methods: The analysis of literary data with the purpose of allocation of possible criteria and their use for the diagnosis of occupational lung cancer at 6 employees of uranium mines. Results: The following criteria for the diagnosis of occupationally caused lung cancer at workers of uranium mines are marked out: • Total effective dose of radiation exposure is more 200–250 mSv (40–50 WLM). • Period in underground conditions is not less than 10 years. • Dust content in a workplace is more than 1 mg/m3. • Hygienic assessment of working conditions – the 3rd class, 3.2–3.4 degree. • The latent period of development of a tumor is not less 10 years. • Development of primary and multiple synchronous or metachronous lung cancer. Also the diagnosis of occupational lung cancer the pulmonary anamnesis (frequent bronchitis, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis of the smoker) has to be considered. On the basis of the marked-out criteria documents of 6 employees of uranium mines, at which lung cancer has been revealed, are considered. On the basis of the carried-out analysis at 5 patients relation of a disease with professional activity has been established. One patient was denied this relation. Conclusion: Authors offer this expert approach to experts’ discussion as above-mentioned criteria is planned to be used by the pathologists who are carrying out observation of workers of uranium production and for the solution of questions of relation of a disease with professional activity of the patient.

scholarly journals Dose assessment for NPP staff for beyond design basis accident taking into account typical site infrastructure

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-490
Author(s):  
V. I. Orlovskaya ◽  
I. G. Trifonov
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Effect ◽  
Dose Assessment ◽  
Internal Exposure ◽  
External Exposure ◽  
Respiratory Protection ◽  
Annual Dose ◽  
Design Basis ◽  
Design Basis Accident ◽  
Total Effective Dose

Assessment of radiation effect on nuclear power plant staff was made for beyond design basis accident (4 hours period). The considered accident scenario includes emergency radionuclide emission through containment bypass. Assessment of radiation effect on NPP staff was done on the basis of radionuclide concentration distribution on site considering typical infrastructure. Concentration mapping was calculated by developed program module for COMSOL 3.5a application. The obtained data included average volume radionuclide activities in lower air layer, total inhalation dose, effective dose of external exposure, equivalent and effective dose in thyroid and total effective dose for NPP staff during beyond design basis accident. Doses from radioactive cloud (external exposure) and from inhalation (internal exposure) were estimated for the following radionuclides: 137Cs, 134Cs, 131I, 133I, 90Sr. In the case of selected beyond design basis accident the total effective dose of staff is 61,98 mSv for the first 4 hours after the accident beginning. This number is slightly above the threshold of the allowable annual dose limit for personnel in emergency situations (50 mSv). Taking into account that short-lived iodine radionuclides 131I и133I give the main contribution in the dose (50.23 mSv including 27.23 mSv for thyroid), such emergency actions as respiratory protection and iodine prophylaxis for the staff can significantly decrease the received doses.

Application of radioactive substances in research in nuclear medicine: current trends and radiation exposure to the study subjects

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (04) ◽  
pp. 116-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.-R. Schwarz ◽  
B. Bauer ◽  
D. Noßke ◽  
A. Erzberger ◽  
G. Brix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Aim Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic Studies ◽  
Radioactive Substances ◽  
Federal Institute

SummaryAim: Analysis of the application of radioactive substances in research in the field of nuclear medicine in human beings and of the resulting radiation exposure to study subjects. Methods: Assessment of applications for approval submitted in accordance with Paragraph 41 of the Radiation Protection Ordinance, evaluated by the Federal Office for Radiation Protection together with the Federal Institute for Pharmaceuticals and Medical Products, within the period from 1997 to 1999. Results: The focus of the studies on the diagnostic application of radioactive substances in medicine evaluated has, since 1998, shifted from oncological to neurological and psychological aspects, while, at the same time, the number of PET studies increased constantly. The proportion of healthy study subjects included in the diagnostic studies increased from 7 to 22%. The number of therapeutic applications of radioactive substances has, since 1997, undergone a three-fold increase, and in the process of this, the focus of attention lay within the area of radioimmuno-therapy and endovascular brachy-theropy. The effective dose was, among up to 49% of the investigated healthy study subjects higher than 5 mSv, and among up to 6% of these subjects was at levels of over 20 mSv. Up to 22% of the patients received, within the scope of diagnostic studies, an effective dose of between 20 and 50 mSv. An exceeding of the 50 mSv limit occurred among up to 3% of the patients. Conclusions: In spite of the increasing numbers of PET applications, conventional nuclear medicine has maintained its importance in the field of medical research. Further developments in the areas of radiochemistry and molecular biology led to an increase in the importance of radio-immuno therapy. The evaluation of new radiopharmaceuticals and the extension of basic biomedical research, resulted in an increase in the proportion of healthy study subjects included in the studies. The radiation exposure among subjects resulting directly from the studies showed, for the period of evaluation, an overall trend towards reduction.

Radioiodine treatment of feline hyperthyroidism in Germany

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (06) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Knietsch ◽  
T. Spillmann ◽  
E.-G. Grünbaum ◽  
R. Bauer ◽  
M. Puille
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Radioiodine Therapy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Radioiodine Treatment ◽  
Normal Thyroid ◽  
Normal Thyroid Function ◽  
Body Activity ◽  
Thyroid Uptake

SummaryAim: Establishment of radioiodine treatment of feline hyperthyroidism in veterinary routine in accordance with German radiation protection regulations. Patients and methods: 35 cats with proven hyperthyroidism were treated with 131I in a special ward. Thyroid uptake and effective halflife were determined using gammacamera dosimetry. Patients were released when measured whole body activity was below the limit defined in the German “Strahlenschutzverordnung”. Results: 17/20 cats treated with 150 MBq radioiodine and 15/15 cats treated with 250 MBq had normal thyroid function after therapy, normal values for FT3 and FT4 were reached after two and normal TSH levels after three weeks. In 14 cats normal thyroid function was confirmed by controls 3-6 months later. Thyroidal iodine uptake was 24 ± 10%, effective halflife 2.5 ± 0.7 days. Whole body activity <1 MBq was reached 13 ± 4 days after application of 131I. Radiation exposure of cat owners was estimated as 1.97 Sv/MBq for adults. Conclusion: Radioiodine therapy of feline hyper-thyroidism is highly effective and safe. It can easily be performed in accordance with German radiation protection regulations, although this requires hospitalisation for approximately two weeks. Practical considerations on radiation exposure of cat owners do not justify this long interval. Regulations for the veterinary use of radioactive substances similar to existing regulations for medical use in humans are higly desirable.

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