scholarly journals Cleaning cycle optimisation in non-tracking ground mounted solar PV systems using Particle Swarm Optimisation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Chiteka ◽  
R. Arora ◽  
S.N. Sridhara ◽  
C.C. Enweremadu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Azimuth Angle ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Unit Energy ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Cleaning Cycle

The effect of installation azimuth angle in the optimization of the cleaning cycle of a solar photovoltaic plant was experimentally investigated in this study. The optimum cleaning cycle was determined using Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm cognizance of the fact that different orientations have different soiling rates. Soiling rates on three different azimuth configurations were experimentally investigated and an exponential soiling loss model was developed for each configuration for use in the optimization problem. Azimuth angle differences of ±12.5% were found to have a significant influence on soiling of as much as 28.29% for the selected location. The North of North West configuration was found to be optimal as opposed to the generally accepted North configuration for maximum energy generation at a minimum cost of energy. This configuration generated 0.87% more energy at unit energy cost of $0.093 compared to the North configuration which had a minimum cost of $0.113. The optimized cleaning cycles were 35 days for the optimal configuration while the North configuration had an optimized cleaning cycle of 28 days. A 17.7% difference in the cost of energy was recorded due the influence of soiling. The study revealed that for minimizing the unit energy cost, it is necessary to take into effect the influence of soiling.

scholarly journals Techno-economic study on grid-connected PV system for major cities in Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 02005
Author(s):  
Amjad Ali ◽  
Muzafar Hussain ◽  
Fahad A. Al-Sulaiman ◽  
Shahbaz Tahir ◽  
Kashif Irshad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Pv System ◽  
North West ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
The North ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Pv Penetration

This paper presents the economic, technical, and environmental performance of a GridConnected PV System (GCPVS) designed for a residential building consisting of 14 families for six major cities of Saudi Arabia. HOMER Pro was used in this study for the evaluation of the techno-economical & environmental performance of the GCPVS. Neom, which a newly developed city on the west coast of Saudi Arabia, which has never been investigated before for such conditions, is also considered among the selected cities in the current study and thus makes the work novel. This analysis demonstrates that CO2 emissions are considerably higher as compared to their counterparts in both; grid alone and grid + PV systems. The studies concluded that the grid + PV system was feasible for all cities. Parameters like Net Present Cost (NPC), Cost of Energy (COE), and excess electricity were proportional to the PV penetration, but with the increase of PV penetration, CO2 emissions decreased. For the grid + PV system, Neom was found to be the most economical as it demonstrated the lowest NPC ($80, 199) and CO2 emissions (63, 664 kg/yr), among others. Neom, as a rapidly developing city in the North-West of Saudi Arabia, possesses great potential for PV. The results of this study can be used to study further PV systems in different climate zones of Saudi Arabia.

SEM and TEM observations of sperm development in the testis of the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
Daryl A. Cornish ◽  
George L. Smit
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Sem And Tem ◽  
Sperm Development ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics ◽  
The University

Oreochromis mossambicus is currently receiving much attention as a candidater species for aquaculture programs within Southern Africa. This has stimulated interest in its breeding cycle as well as the morphological characteristics of the gonads. Limited information is available on SEM and TEM observations of the male gonads. It is known that the testis of O. mossambicus is a paired, intra-abdominal structure of the lobular type, although further details of its characteristics are not known. Current investigations have shown that spermatids reach full maturity some two months after the female becomes gravid. Throughout the year, the testes contain spermatids at various stages of development although spermiogenesis appears to be maximal during November when spawning occurs. This paper describes the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the testes and spermatids.Specimens of this fish were collected at Syferkuil Dam, 8 km north- west of the University of the North over a twelve month period, sacrificed and the testes excised.

The North West Passage

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roald Amundsen ◽  
Godfred Hansen
Keyword(s):  
North West ◽  
The North

Russian Oil: Production and Exports

2003 ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
K. Liuhto
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Oil Transportation ◽  
Sea Ports ◽  
The Baltic

Statistical data on reserves, production and exports of Russian oil are provided in the article. The author pays special attention to the expansion of opportunities of sea oil transportation by construction of new oil terminals in the North-West of the country and first of all the largest terminal in Murmansk. In his opinion, one of the main problems in this sphere is prevention of ecological accidents in the process of oil transportation through the Baltic sea ports.

Paleoecological study of bottom sediments of the lake Goluboye (Karelian Isthmus) according to the results of diatom analysis

2019 ◽  
pp. 265-269
Author(s):  
Angelina E. Shatalova ◽  
Uriy A. Kublitsky ◽  
Dmitry A. Subetto ◽  
Anna V. Ludikova ◽  
Alar Rosentau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Karelian Isthmus ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Diatom Analysis ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Important Direction ◽  
The Baltic

The study of paleogeography of lakes is an actual and important direction in modern science. As part of the study of lakes in the North-West of the Karelian Isthmus, this analysis will establish the dynamics of salinity of objects, which will allow to reconstruct changes in the level of the Baltic Sea in the Holocene.

Modeling of ecological conditions in the Euxine Basin in the Sarmatian and Maeotian by methods of diatom analysis

2019 ◽  
pp. 257-261
Author(s):  
Eleonora P. Radionova
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Subtidal Zone ◽  
Diatom Analysis ◽  
Diatom Flora ◽  
North West ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
The North

The associations and ecological conditions of the existence of modern diatoms of the North-West (Pridneprovsky), Prikerchensky and Eastern regions of the subtidal zone of the Black Sea are considered. Based on the unity of the composition of the Present and Sarmatian-Meotian diatom flora, an attempt has been made to model some of the ecological c situation of the Late Miocene Euxinian basin.

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