Russian Oil: Production and Exports

2003 ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
K. Liuhto
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Oil Transportation ◽  
Sea Ports ◽  
The Baltic

Statistical data on reserves, production and exports of Russian oil are provided in the article. The author pays special attention to the expansion of opportunities of sea oil transportation by construction of new oil terminals in the North-West of the country and first of all the largest terminal in Murmansk. In his opinion, one of the main problems in this sphere is prevention of ecological accidents in the process of oil transportation through the Baltic sea ports.

Paleoecological study of bottom sediments of the lake Goluboye (Karelian Isthmus) according to the results of diatom analysis

2019 ◽  
pp. 265-269
Author(s):  
Angelina E. Shatalova ◽  
Uriy A. Kublitsky ◽  
Dmitry A. Subetto ◽  
Anna V. Ludikova ◽  
Alar Rosentau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Karelian Isthmus ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Diatom Analysis ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Important Direction ◽  
The Baltic

The study of paleogeography of lakes is an actual and important direction in modern science. As part of the study of lakes in the North-West of the Karelian Isthmus, this analysis will establish the dynamics of salinity of objects, which will allow to reconstruct changes in the level of the Baltic Sea in the Holocene.

scholarly journals «THE CZAR'S ROAD» – PERSPECTIVE HISTORICAL, TOURISTICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SUBJECT OF THE RUSSIAN VALUES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.S. Kulikov ◽  
◽  
E.V. Kuznetsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
White Sea ◽  
Peter 1 ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
North West ◽  
Onega Lake ◽  
The Road ◽  
The North ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Intensive Development

Some significant episodes of Peter 1's activity in the North of Russia are considered. The creation in 1702 of the"Osudareva road" (White sea – Onega lake) with a length of at least 190 km and the transfer of troops, ammunition and two yachts to storm the Swedish fortress of Noteburg, contributed to Russia's access to the Baltic sea and the intensive development of the North-West of the country. Recommended the continuation of studies of the road and search its supplementary relics.

Par kādu žemaišu konstrukciju ar verbu ļubēt Sventājas latviešu valodā

2020 ◽  
pp. 160-167
Author(s):  
Daiga Straupeniece
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
The South ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Baltic

Latvians of Šventoji, nowadays inhabiting the north-west territory of Lithuania by the Baltic Sea, have kept distinctive features of the Curonian subdialects in their language and integrated into its phonetics and grammar many features of Lithuanian, including Samogitian dialect. One of the linguistic changes caused by the language contacts, characteristic to all the Latvian community near the border of Lithuania (Būtingė, Šventoji, Monciškė, Kunigiškiai), is „the use of frequentative past uncharacteristic for the south-western subdialects of Kurzeme” (Straupeniece 2018, 127) with inflectional affix -dav-, e.g., adīdava, braukdava, būdava. Also, there is a characteristic construction of the Latvian language of Šventoji – person forms of the verb cienīt + infinitive – which corresponds to the Samogitian construction – person forms of the verb liuobėti + infinitive –, e.g., kaimiņi cienīja atiet. The article reveals that, at the beginning of the 21st century, another construction has been identified in the Latvian language of the younger generation of Šventoji – a construction of the verb ļubēt with an infinitive. There are three models of the construction: the verb ļubēt in past tense and infinitive, e.g., tad ļubēja visi liepājnieki sabraukt, the verb ļubēt in present tense and infinitive, e.g., tas vīrs arī ļub atbraukt, the verb ļubēt in future tense and infinitive, e.g., viņš vi sumit ļubēs atnākt pie mūs. This construction is a lithuanism that has been established in the Latvian language of Šventoji under the influence of the Samogitian dialect.

scholarly journals Bacteriohopanepolyols record stratification, nitrogen fixation and other biogeochemical perturbations in Holocene sediments of the central Baltic Sea

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2725-2735 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Blumenberg ◽  
C. Berndmeyer ◽  
M. Moros ◽  
M. Muschalla ◽  
O. Schmale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Stable Stratification ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Allochthonous Input ◽  
The North ◽  
Water Column Stratification ◽  
Gotland Deep ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. The Baltic Sea, one of the world's largest brackish-marine basins, established after deglaciation of Scandinavia about 17 000 to 15 000 yr ago. In the changeable history of the Baltic Sea, the initial freshwater system was connected to the North Sea about 8000 yr ago and the modern brackish-marine setting (Littorina Sea) was established. Today, a relatively stable stratification has developed in the water column of the deep basins due to salinity differences. Stratification is only occasionally interrupted by mixing events, and it controls nutrient availability and growth of specifically adapted microorganisms and algae. We studied bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs), lipids of specific bacterial groups, in a sediment core from the central Baltic Sea (Gotland Deep) and found considerable differences between the distinct stages of the Baltic Sea's history. Some individual BHP structures indicate contributions from as yet unknown redoxcline-specific bacteria (bacteriohopanetetrol isomer), methanotrophic bacteria (35-aminobacteriohopanetetrol), cyanobacteria (bacteriohopanetetrol cyclitol ether isomer) and from soil bacteria (adenosylhopane) through allochthonous input after the Littorina transgression, whereas the origin of other BHPs in the core has still to be identified. Notably high BHP abundances were observed in the deposits of the brackish-marine Littorina phase, particularly in laminated sediment layers. Because these sediments record periods of stable water column stratification, bacteria specifically adapted to these conditions may account for the high portions of BHPs. An additional and/or accompanying source may be nitrogen-fixing (cyano)bacteria, which is indicated by a positive correlation of BHP abundances with Corg and δ15N.

scholarly journals The carbon budget of the Baltic Sea

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 3219-3230 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kuliński ◽  
J. Pempkowiak
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
The Other ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of the Baltic Sea carbon budget. The Baltic Sea is very much influenced by terrestrial carbon input. Rivers are the largest carbon source, and their input amounts to 10.90 Tg C yr−1 (Tg = 1012 g) with a 37.5% contribution of organic carbon. On the other hand, carbon is effectively exported from the Baltic to the North Sea (7.67 Tg C yr−1) and is also buried in bottom sediments (2.73 Tg C yr−1). The other sources and sinks of carbon are of minor importance. The net CO2 emission (1.05 Tg C yr−1) from the Baltic to the atmosphere was calculated as the closing term of the carbon budget presented here. There is a net loss of organic carbon, which indicates that the Baltic Sea is heterotrophic.

scholarly journals Model calculations of the effects of present and future emissions of air pollutants from shipping in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 21943-21974 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Jonson ◽  
J. P. Jalkanen ◽  
L. Johansson ◽  
M. Gauss ◽  
H. A. C. Denier van der Gon
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
The North ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. Land-based emissions of air pollutants in Europe have steadily decreased over the past two decades, and this decrease is expected to continue. Within the same time span emissions from shipping have increased, although recently sulphur emissions, and subsequently particle emissions, have decreased in EU ports and in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, defined as SECAs (Sulphur Emission Control Areas). The maximum allowed sulphur content in marine fuels in EU ports is now 0.1%, as required by the European Union sulphur directive. In the SECAs the maximum fuel content of sulphur is currently 1% (the global average is about 2.4%). This will be reduced to 0.1% from 2015, following the new IMO rules (International Maritime Organisation). In order to assess the effects of ship emissions in and around the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, regional model calculations with the EMEP air pollution model have been made on a 1/4° longitude × 1/8° latitude resolution, using ship emissions in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea that are based on accurate ship positioning data. The effects on depositions and air pollution and the resulting number of years of life lost (YOLL) have been calculated by comparing model calculations with and without ship emissions in the two sea areas. The calculations have been made with emissions representative of 2009 and 2011, i.e. before and after the implementation of stricter controls on sulphur emissions from mid 2010. The calculations with present emissions show that per person, an additional 0.1–0.2 years of life lost is estimated in areas close to the major ship tracks with present emission levels. Comparisons of model calculations with emissions before and after the implementation of stricter emission control on sulphur show a general decrease in calculated particle concentration. At the same time, however, an increase in ship activity has resulted in higher emissions and subsequently air concentrations, in particular of NOx, especially in and around several major ports. Additional model calculations have been made with land based and ship emissions representative of year 2030. Following a decrease in emissions, air quality is expected to improve, and depositions to be reduced. Particles from shipping are expected to decrease as a result of emission controls in the SECAs. Further controls of NOx emissions from shipping are not decided, and calculations are presented with and without such controls.

scholarly journals Gene regulatory response to hyposalinity in the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus

BMC Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Rugiu ◽  
Marina Panova ◽  
Ricardo Tomás Pereyra ◽  
Veijo Jormalainen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fucus Vesiculosus ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Fixation Rate ◽  
Transcriptomic Response ◽  
The North ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract Background Rockweeds are among the most important foundation species of temperate rocky littoral shores. In the Baltic Sea, the rockweed Fucus vesiculosus is distributed along a decreasing salinity gradient from the North Atlantic entrance to the low-salinity regions in the north-eastern margins, thus, demonstrating a remarkable tolerance to hyposalinity. The underlying mechanisms for this tolerance are still poorly understood. Here, we exposed F. vesiculosus from two range-margin populations to the hyposaline (2.5 PSU - practical salinity unit) conditions that are projected to occur in the region by the end of this century as a result of climate change. We used transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) to determine the gene expression patterns associated with hyposalinity acclimation, and examined the variation in these patterns between the sampled populations. Results Hyposalinity induced different responses in the two populations: in one, only 26 genes were differentially expressed between salinity treatments, while the other population demonstrated up- or downregulation in 3072 genes. In the latter population, the projected future hyposalinity induced an acute response in terms of antioxidant production. Genes associated with membrane composition and structure were also heavily involved, with the upregulation of fatty acid and actin production, and the downregulation of ion channels and alginate pathways. Changes in gene expression patterns clearly indicated an inhibition of the photosynthetic machinery, with a consequent downregulation of carbohydrate production. Simultaneously, energy consumption increased, as revealed by the upregulation of genes associated with respiration and ATP synthesis. Overall, the genes that demonstrated the largest increase in expression were ribosomal proteins involved in translation pathways. The fixation rate of SNP:s was higher within genes responding to hyposalinity than elsewhere in the transcriptome. Conclusions The high fixation rate in the genes coding for salinity acclimation mechanisms implies strong selection for them. The among-population differentiation that we observed in the transcriptomic response to hyposalinity stress suggests that populations of F. vesiculosus may differ in their tolerance to future desalination, possibly as a result of local adaptation to salinity conditions within the Baltic Sea. These results emphasise the importance of considering interspecific genetic variation when evaluating the consequences of environmental change.

scholarly journals Deregulation of laws and border facilitations, and their impact on the increase of competitiveness of Polish seaports

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 01001
Author(s):  
Magdalena Adamowicz
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Academic Work ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Economic Law ◽  
One Stop ◽  
Sea Ports ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Simplified Procedure

This article attempts to explore the effects caused by the implementation of facilities for maritime entrepreneurs introduced under the act deregulating economic law (hereinafter: "Ports 24h" or port package). Moreover it was analysed whether the procedures implemented by the Customs Service and border units, and in particular the simplified procedure, one stop shop and single window, shortened the time of customs clearance in ports. It was examined whether new solutions affected seaports in Poland and helped to build their competitive advantage over the Baltic Sea. The port of Gdansk was particularly interested due to the annual increase in transhipments. There is a surprising lack of studies on customs conveniences in sea ports. The bulk of academic work focuses on the competitiveness of sea ports as seen through infrastructural investments, with no consideration given to factors such as stable, clear and reliable law which does not impede enterprises in their business.

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