Memory Impairment Allied to Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and its Deterioration by Phenytoin: A Highlight on Ameliorative Effects of Levetiracetam in Mouse Model

Abstract Background/Objectives Memory impairment (MI) and epilepsy go hand in hand, mainly in conditions of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This disease comorbidity has been reported to worsen upon treatment. Hence this study aims to evaluate the extent of aggravating effect of phenytoin (PHT) at normal and reduced doses on MI associated with TLE and additionally assesses the protective effect of levetiracetam (LEV) on these adverse effects. Methods Swiss albino mice of either sex (n = 36) were used for this study in which seizures were induced by intraperitoneal administration of pilocarpine (300 mg/kg i.p.) followed by evaluation of antiepileptic activity by technique of Racine's scale for convulsive scores. Errors (a factor denoting MI) were assessed using radial arm maze. Finally brain biochemical measures of acetylcholinesterase and glutamate along with cresyl violet staining and estimation of total neuronal number of the hippocampus were performed. Results Exacerbation of MI by PHT was observed, where the extent of MI was found to be lesser in the reduced dose approach (PHTR: 28.50 ± 1.03; p ≤ 0.05). However, this tactic in dose reduction was interfered with the antiepileptic potential of the drug. Attenuation of MI upon combining with LEV, without an interference in the principal treatment, was observed equally in the behavioral and brain aspects of the study (PHTN + LEV: 1.33 ± 0.33 and PHTR + LEV: 1.00 ± 0.17; p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions The promising effects of LEV could thus aid in proposing a new management remedy for TLE to minimize the adverse effect associated with it.

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ESLICARBAZEPINE AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENT IN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY: A STUDY ON THE ATTENUATING EFFECT OF NEFIRACETAM

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i2.35511 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 63-67

Author(s):

BIPUL RAY ◽

KAMSAGARA LINGANNA KRISHNA

Keyword(s):

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽

Temporal Lobe ◽

Anticonvulsant Activity ◽

Memory Impairment ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Antiepileptic Activity ◽

Reduced Dose ◽

Wistar Albino Rats

Objectives: The objectives of the present investigation were to evaluate the memory impairment (MI) activity of eslicarbazepine (ESL) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) at a normal and reduced dose, to evaluate the possible protective effect of nefiracetam (NEF) on MI induced by ESL at a normal and reduced dose, and to evaluate the antiepileptic activity of ESL on TLE in the presence and absence of NEF. Methods: MI activity was evaluated by Barnes maze (BM) on lithium-pilocarpine-induced TLE in Wistar albino rats. Rats were trained by releasing from the portable start-up box after keeping sometimes inside, to find the fixed dark escape hole of BM. Mild aversive light overhead was used to motivate the finding. Animals failed to do so were guided manually. Trained animals were taken for the study and checked the escape latency time (ELT) and the error scores (error entry). The treatment was given for 1 month and MI activity was measured on every 7th day and antiepileptic activity on every 8th day. Phenytoin was used as standard antiepileptic drug (AED) to compare the MI extent of ESL. Results: ESL-treated group animals had shown increased ELT and error scores, on comparison with control group, implying the MI as a result treatment of the AED ESL. MI was dose dependent and shown decreased MI in animals treated with half dose of ESL. When NEF was administered with the ESL significantly decreased the MI as well as showed potent anticonvulsant activity when compared to control and ESL alone treated group. The levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in ESL group were observed to be increased against control group. Cotreatment of NEF results in decreased levels of AChE on comparison with control and the group treated with ESL. Conclusion: The reduced dose of ESL and NEF combination was found to have synergized the protecting effect against MI compared to normal ESL and NEF group without altering anticonvulsant activity. However, further studies are required to elicit detailed protective activity of NEF on MI induced by ESL.

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Memory impairment in children with temporal lobe epilepsy: a review

Journal of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology ◽

10.1590/s1676-26492006000200005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 12 (1 suppl 1) ◽

pp. 22-25

Author(s):

Catarina A. Guimarães ◽

Li Li Min ◽

Patrícia Rzezak ◽

Daniel Fuentes ◽

Renata C. Franzon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽

Temporal Lobe ◽

Memory Impairment ◽

Review Article ◽

Neuropsychological Deficits ◽

Memory Tests ◽

And Performance ◽

The Relationship

INTRODUCTION: The authors present a review article on memory aspects of temporal lobe epilepsy in childhood. METHODS: We performed a search in the literature. RESULTS: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in childhood present with great clinical, electroencephalographic and etiological diversity. The neuropsychological features in children with TLE are not well-defined yet. The relationship between the lateralization of the lesion and performance on memory tests is not established. CONCLUSION: The studies performed in children with TLE show controversy data. This finding may be due to the etiological, clinical and electroencephalographic diversity seen in such group of children. Besides, most studies use different assessments. Therefore, it is clear that more studies are necessary to elucidate which neuropsychological deficits occur in children with TLE.

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