Bioremediation of paddy field contaminated by liquid waste from textile industry in order to reduce chromium in soil and rice plant

Abstract The textile industry in India plays a vital role in the economic growth of the nation. The growth of the textile industry not only impacts the economy of a country but also influences the global economy and mutual exchange of technology between the countries. However, the textile industry also generates an enormous quantity of waste as waste sludge, fibers and chemically polluted waters. The chemically polluted textile wastewater degrades the quality of the soil and water when it mixes with these natural resources and its dependent habitats and environment. Owing to the existing problem of solid and liquid waste, textile industries are facing major problems in environment pollution. Therefore, researchers and the textile industries are focusing on the reduction of textile wastewater and the formulation of alternative efficient treatment techniques without hampering the environment. Hence, the present literature survey mainly concentrates on the various wastewater treatment techniques and their advantages. Moreover, the focus of the study was to describe the methods for the reduction of environmental waste and effective utilization of recycled water with zero wastewater management techniques. The alternative methods for the reduction of textile waste are also covered in this investigation. Finally, this paper also suggests utilization of solid wastes after treatment of wastewater in other sectors like construction for the preparation of low-grade tiles and or bricks by replacing the cement normally used in their manufacturing.

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Assessment of a three-stage sampling strategy to investigate the spatial distribution and population density of Aphelenchoides besseyi among Oryza sativa seeds

Nematology ◽

10.1163/138855409x12549869072284 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 373-380

Author(s):

Katsumi Togashi ◽

Shigeru Hoshino

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Oryza Sativa ◽

Paddy Field ◽

Rice Plant ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Sampling Strategy ◽

Paddy Fields ◽

Nematode Density ◽

Aphelenchoides Besseyi ◽

The Mean

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the spatial distribution patterns of Aphelenchoides besseyi among Oryza sativa seeds on panicle, plant hill, and paddy field spatial scales and to present a three-stage sampling method for estimating the mean density per seed in paddy fields. Living and dead nematodes were extracted individually from 20 seeds sampled from each of five panicles, which were sampled from each of six rice plant hills in each of eight paddy fields, where all plants had leaves exhibiting the 'white tip' symptom. Nested ANOVA indicated that A. besseyi density per seed was significantly different among the eight paddy fields, among rice plant hills in paddy fields, and among panicles in rice plant hills. The proportion of nematode-infested seeds (prevalence) increased and reached an upper limit as the mean density per seed on the panicle scale increased, whereas linear relationships were observed between nematode prevalence and the mean density on plant hill and paddy field scales. Relationships between mean density and mean crowding of nematodes per seed indicated that the nematodes exhibited clumped distribution on each of panicle, plant hill and field scales. Using these relationships, a three-stage sampling plan for estimating nematode density per seed at a specified precision level is presented.

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