A root-mean-square-error analysis of two-peak Gaussian and Lorentzian fittings of thin-film carbon Raman spectral data

Pesticides have long been used in the cabbage industry to control pest infestation. This study investigated the potential application of low-cost and portable visible shortwave near-infrared spectroscopy for the detection of deltamethrin residue in cabbages. A total of sixty organic cabbage samples were used. The sample was divided into four batches, three batches were sprayed with deltamethrin pesticide whereas the remaining batch was not sprayed (control sample). The first three batches of the cabbages were sprayed with the pesticide at three different concentrations, namely low, medium and high with the values of 0.08, 0.11 and 0.14% volume/volume (v/v), respectively. Spectral data of the cabbage samples were collected using visible shortwave near-infrared (VSNIR) spectrometer with wavelengths range between 200 and 1100 nm. Gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) was used to determine the concentration of deltamethrin residues in the cabbages. Partial least square (PLS) regression method was adopted to investigate the relationship between the spectral data and deltamethrin concentration values. The calibration model produced the values of coefficient of determination (R2 ) and the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 0.98 and 0.02, respectively. For the prediction model, the values of R2 and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were 0.94 and 0.04, respectively. These results demonstrated that the proposed spectroscopic measurement is a promising technique for the detection of pesticide at different concentrations in cabbage samples.

Download Full-text

Analysis of S-box in Image Encryption Using Root Mean Square Error Method

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A ◽

10.5560/zna.2012-0023 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 67 (6-7) ◽

pp. 327-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Iqtadar Hussain ◽

Tariq Shah ◽

Muhammad Asif Gondal ◽

Hasan Mahmood

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Root Mean Square Error ◽

Error Analysis ◽

Mean Square Error ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Image Encryption ◽

Visual Analysis ◽

Original Data ◽

Mean Square ◽

The Difference

The use of substitution boxes (S-boxes) in encryption applications has proven to be an effective nonlinear component in creating confusion and randomness. The S-box is evolving and many variants appear in literature, which include advanced encryption standard (AES) S-box, affine power affine (APA) S-box, Skipjack S-box, Gray S-box, Lui J S-box, residue prime number S-box, Xyi S-box, and S8 S-box. These S-boxes have algebraic and statistical properties which distinguish them from each other in terms of encryption strength. In some circumstances, the parameters from algebraic and statistical analysis yield results which do not provide clear evidence in distinguishing an S-box for an application to a particular set of data. In image encryption applications, the use of S-boxes needs special care because the visual analysis and perception of a viewer can sometimes identify artifacts embedded in the image. In addition to existing algebraic and statistical analysis already used for image encryption applications, we propose an application of root mean square error technique, which further elaborates the results and enables the analyst to vividly distinguish between the performances of various S-boxes. While the use of the root mean square error analysis in statistics has proven to be effective in determining the difference in original data and the processed data, its use in image encryption has shown promising results in estimating the strength of the encryption method. In this paper, we show the application of the root mean square error analysis to S-box image encryption. The parameters from this analysis are used in determining the strength of S-boxes

Download Full-text

Near infrared spectroscopy as an alternative method for rapid evaluation of toluene swell of natural rubber latex and its products

Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

10.1177/0967033518783269 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 159-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chin Hock Lim ◽

Panmanas Sirisomboon

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Root Mean Square Error ◽

Thick Film ◽

Mean Square Error ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Cross Validation ◽

Mean Square

Toluene swell or equilibrium swelling is universally used by rubber factories to measure the degree of crosslink of their compounded or prevulcanized latices at different stages of production. To apply near infrared spectroscopy for rapid and accurate quality control, spectral acquisition of prevulcanized latex, thin film and thick film was performed using a Fourier transform near infrared spectrometer in diffuse reflection mode across the wavenumber range of 12,500–3600 cm−1. For prevulcanized latex an effective model was developed using partial least squares regression with preprocessing (first derivative + straight line subtraction method). The coefficient of determination (r2), root mean square error of cross validation and bias of the validation set were 0.71, 3.93% and −0.005%, respectively. For the thin film model the r2, root mean square error of cross validation and bias were 0.65, 4.01% and −0.028%, respectively. Whereas for the thick film model the r2, root mean square error of cross validation and bias were 0.70, 4.00% and −0.006%, respectively. Three models including prevulcanized latex, thin film and thick film were validated by 23 unknown samples, providing standard error of prediction and bias of 5.357 and 2.494, 4.565 and 1.001 and 3.641 and −0.961%, respectively, for prevulcanized latex, thin film and thick film. The model developed for the thick film spectra gave the best results.

Download Full-text

Estimation of Apple Flowering Frost Loss for Fruit Yield Based on Gridded Meteorological and Remote Sensing Data in Luochuan, Shaanxi Province, China

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13091630 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1630

Author(s):

Yaohui Zhu ◽

Guijun Yang ◽

Hao Yang ◽

Fa Zhao ◽

Shaoyu Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Root Mean Square Error ◽

Mean Square Error ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Minimum Temperature ◽

Price Regulation ◽

Flowering Period ◽

Mean Square ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

Agricultural Insurance

With the increase in the frequency of extreme weather events in recent years, apple growing areas in the Loess Plateau frequently encounter frost during flowering. Accurately assessing the frost loss in orchards during the flowering period is of great significance for optimizing disaster prevention measures, market apple price regulation, agricultural insurance, and government subsidy programs. The previous research on orchard frost disasters is mainly focused on early risk warning. Therefore, to effectively quantify orchard frost loss, this paper proposes a frost loss assessment model constructed using meteorological and remote sensing information and applies this model to the regional-scale assessment of orchard fruit loss after frost. As an example, this article examines a frost event that occurred during the apple flowering period in Luochuan County, Northwestern China, on 17 April 2020. A multivariable linear regression (MLR) model was constructed based on the orchard planting years, the number of flowering days, and the chill accumulation before frost, as well as the minimum temperature and daily temperature difference on the day of frost. Then, the model simulation accuracy was verified using the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) method, and the coefficient of determination (R2), the root mean square error (RMSE), and the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) were 0.69, 18.76%, and 18.76%, respectively. Additionally, the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (EFAST) method was used for the sensitivity analysis of the model parameters. The results show that the simulated apple orchard fruit number reduction ratio is highly sensitive to the minimum temperature on the day of frost, and the chill accumulation and planting years before the frost, with sensitivity values of ≥0.74, ≥0.25, and ≥0.15, respectively. This research can not only assist governments in optimizing traditional orchard frost prevention measures and market price regulation but can also provide a reference for agricultural insurance companies to formulate plans for compensation after frost.

Download Full-text

Low Cost Automatic Reconstruction of Tree Structure by AdQSM with Terrestrial Close-Range Photogrammetry

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12081020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1020

Author(s):

Yanqi Dong ◽

Guangpeng Fan ◽

Zhiwu Zhou ◽

Jincheng Liu ◽

Yongguo Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Mean Square Error ◽

Mean Square Error ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Low Cost ◽

Reference Value ◽

Tree Height ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Tree Structure ◽

Mean Square ◽

Tree Model

The quantitative structure model (QSM) contains the branch geometry and attributes of the tree. AdQSM is a new, accurate, and detailed tree QSM. In this paper, an automatic modeling method based on AdQSM is developed, and a low-cost technical scheme of tree structure modeling is provided, so that AdQSM can be freely used by more people. First, we used two digital cameras to collect two-dimensional (2D) photos of trees and generated three-dimensional (3D) point clouds of plot and segmented individual tree from the plot point clouds. Then a new QSM-AdQSM was used to construct tree model from point clouds of 44 trees. Finally, to verify the effectiveness of our method, the diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, and trunk volume were derived from the reconstructed tree model. These parameters extracted from AdQSM were compared with the reference values from forest inventory. For the DBH, the relative bias (rBias), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of variation of root mean square error (rRMSE) were 4.26%, 1.93 cm, and 6.60%. For the tree height, the rBias, RMSE, and rRMSE were—10.86%, 1.67 m, and 12.34%. The determination coefficient (R2) of DBH and tree height estimated by AdQSM and the reference value were 0.94 and 0.86. We used the trunk volume calculated by the allometric equation as a reference value to test the accuracy of AdQSM. The trunk volume was estimated based on AdQSM, and its bias was 0.07066 m3, rBias was 18.73%, RMSE was 0.12369 m3, rRMSE was 32.78%. To better evaluate the accuracy of QSM’s reconstruction of the trunk volume, we compared AdQSM and TreeQSM in the same dataset. The bias of the trunk volume estimated based on TreeQSM was −0.05071 m3, and the rBias was −13.44%, RMSE was 0.13267 m3, rRMSE was 35.16%. At 95% confidence interval level, the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC = 0.77) of the agreement between the estimated tree trunk volume of AdQSM and the reference value was greater than that of TreeQSM (CCC = 0.60). The significance of this research is as follows: (1) The automatic modeling method based on AdQSM is developed, which expands the application scope of AdQSM; (2) provide low-cost photogrammetric point cloud as the input data of AdQSM; (3) explore the potential of AdQSM to reconstruct forest terrestrial photogrammetric point clouds.

Download Full-text

Automatic Gamma Correction Based on Root-Mean-Square-Error Maximization

2020 International Conference on Computing and Information Technology (ICCIT-1441) ◽

10.1109/iccit-144147971.2020.9213752 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmad S. Tarawneh ◽

Ahmad B. Hassanat ◽

Issam Elkhadiri ◽

Dmitry Chetverikov ◽

Khalid Almohammadi

Keyword(s):

Root Mean Square Error ◽

Mean Square Error ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Mean Square ◽

Gamma Correction

Download Full-text

Moments and root-mean-square error of the Bayesian MMSE estimator of classification error in the Gaussian model

Pattern Recognition ◽

10.1016/j.patcog.2013.11.022 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. 2178-2192 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Amin Zollanvari ◽

Edward R. Dougherty

Keyword(s):

Root Mean Square Error ◽

Mean Square Error ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Gaussian Model ◽

Classification Error ◽

Mean Square ◽

Mmse Estimator

Download Full-text

Comparison of Thresholding and Edge Detection Segmentation Techniques

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.2783 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 860-863 ◽

pp. 2783-2786

Author(s):

Yu Bing Dong ◽

Hai Yan Wang ◽

Ming Jing Li

Keyword(s):

Image Segmentation ◽

Root Mean Square Error ◽

Edge Detection ◽

Mean Square Error ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Mean Square ◽

Segmentation Method ◽

Segmentation Algorithms

Edge detection and thresholding segmentation algorithms are presented and tested with variety of grayscale images in different fields. In order to analyze and evaluate the quality of image segmentation, Root Mean Square Error is used. The smaller error value is, the better image segmentation effect is. The experimental results show that a segmentation method is not suitable for all images segmentation.

Download Full-text

Quantitative Analysis of Forsythiae fructus by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1967 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 807-809 ◽

pp. 1967-1971

Author(s):

Yan Bai ◽

Xiao Yan Duan ◽

Hai Yan Gong ◽

Cai Xia Xie ◽

Zhi Hong Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Root Mean Square Error ◽

Mean Square Error ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Cross Validation ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Mean Square ◽

Validation Set

In this paper, the content of forsythoside A and ethanol-extract were rapidly determinated by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). 85 samples of Forsythiae Fructus harvested in Luoyang from July to September in 2012 were divided into a calibration set (75 samples) and a validation set (10 samples). In combination with the partical least square (PLS), the quantitative calibration models of forsythoside A and ethanol-extract were established. The correlation coefficient of cross-validation (R2) was 0.98247 and 0.97214 for forsythoside A and ethanol-extract, the root-mean-square error of calibration (RMSEC) was 0.184 and 0.570, the root-mean-square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) was 0.81736 and 0.36656. The validation set were used to evaluate the performance of the models, the root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.221 and 0.518. The results indicated that it was feasible to determine the content of forsythoside A and ethanol-extract in Forsythiae Fructus by near-infrared spectroscopy.

Download Full-text

Analysis of candlenut oil as oil adulterant in three functional oils of soybean oil, sunflower oil and grapeseed oil in quaternary mixture systems using FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.5(2).443 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 248-253

Author(s):

A.B. Riyanta ◽

S. Riyanto ◽

E. Lukitaningsih ◽

A. Rohman

Keyword(s):

Root Mean Square Error ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Ftir Spectroscopy ◽

Mean Square Error ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Sunflower Oil ◽

Ftir Spectra ◽

Mean Square ◽

Grapeseed Oil ◽

Quaternary Mixture

Soybean oil (SBO), sunflower oil (SFO) and grapeseed oil (GPO) contain high levels of unsaturated fats that are good for health and have proximity to candlenut oil. Candlenut oil (CNO) has a lower price and easier to get oil from that seeds than other seed oils, so it is used as adulteration for gains. Therefore, authentication is required to ensure the purity of oils by proper analysis. This research was aimed to highlight the FTIR spectroscopy application with multivariate calibration is a potential analysis for scanning the quaternary mixture of CNO, SBO, SFO and GPO. CNO quantification was performed using multivariate calibrations of principle component (PCR) regression and partial least (PLS) square to predict the model from the optimization FTIR spectra regions. The highest R2 and the lowest values of root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were used as the basis for selection of multivariate calibrations created using several wavenumbers region of FTIR spectra. Wavenumbers regions of 4000-650 cm-1 from the second derivative FTIR-ATR spectra using PLS was used for quantitative analysis of CNO in quaternary mixture with SBO, SFO and GPO with R2 calibration = 0.9942 and 0.0239% for RMSEC value and 0.0495%. So, it can be concluded the use of FTIR spectra combination with PLS is accurate to detect quaternary mixtures of CNO, SBO, SFO and GPO with the highest R2 values and the lowest RMSEC and RMSEP values.

Download Full-text