Analysis of S-box in Image Encryption Using Root Mean Square Error Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iqtadar Hussain ◽  
Tariq Shah ◽  
Muhammad Asif Gondal ◽  
Hasan Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Root Mean Square Error ◽  
Error Analysis ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Image Encryption ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
The Difference

The use of substitution boxes (S-boxes) in encryption applications has proven to be an effective nonlinear component in creating confusion and randomness. The S-box is evolving and many variants appear in literature, which include advanced encryption standard (AES) S-box, affine power affine (APA) S-box, Skipjack S-box, Gray S-box, Lui J S-box, residue prime number S-box, Xyi S-box, and S8 S-box. These S-boxes have algebraic and statistical properties which distinguish them from each other in terms of encryption strength. In some circumstances, the parameters from algebraic and statistical analysis yield results which do not provide clear evidence in distinguishing an S-box for an application to a particular set of data. In image encryption applications, the use of S-boxes needs special care because the visual analysis and perception of a viewer can sometimes identify artifacts embedded in the image. In addition to existing algebraic and statistical analysis already used for image encryption applications, we propose an application of root mean square error technique, which further elaborates the results and enables the analyst to vividly distinguish between the performances of various S-boxes. While the use of the root mean square error analysis in statistics has proven to be effective in determining the difference in original data and the processed data, its use in image encryption has shown promising results in estimating the strength of the encryption method. In this paper, we show the application of the root mean square error analysis to S-box image encryption. The parameters from this analysis are used in determining the strength of S-boxes

The Loss of Dexterity in the Bilateral Lower Extremities in Patients With Stroke

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoji Kiyama ◽  
Kiyohiro Fukudome ◽  
Toshiki Hiyoshi ◽  
Akihide Umemoto ◽  
Yoichi Yoshimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square Error ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Response Force ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Square Errors

The aim of this study was to examine the dexterity of both lower extremities in patients with stroke. Twenty patients with stroke and 20 age-matched control subjects participated in this study. To determine the dexterity of the lower extremities, we examined the ability to control muscle force during submaximal contractions in the knee extensor muscles using a force tracking task. The root mean square errors were calculated from the difference between the target and response force. The root mean square error was significantly greater in the affected limb of patients with stroke compared with those of the unaffected limb and the control subjects, and in the unaffected limb compared with that of the control subjects. Furthermore, the root mean square error of the affected limb was related significantly to motor function as determined by Fugl-Myer assessment. These results demonstrate impairment of the dexterity of both the affected and the unaffected lower extremities in patients with stroke.

scholarly journals Avaliação dos produtos de evapotranspiração baseados em sensoriamento remoto MOD16 e GLEAM em sítios de fluxos turbulentos do Programa LBA

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Adriana Aparecida Moreira ◽  
Daniela Santini Adamatti ◽  
Anderson Luis Ruhoff
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Root Mean Square Error ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Mean Square

This study aims to evaluate the performance of MOD16 and GLEAM evapotranspiration (ET) datasets in nine eddy covariance monitoring sites. Data from both ET products were downloaded and its daily means calculated. Evapotranspiration estimations were then compared to the observed ET in the eddy covariance monitoring sites from the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in the Amazon (LBA). We performed a statistical analysis using the correlation coefficient (R), the root mean square error (RMSE) and BIAS. Results indicate that, in general, both products can represent the observed ET in the eddy covariance flux towers. MOD16 and GLEAM showed similar values to the calculated statistics when ET estimates were compared to observed ET. Model estimates and eddy covariance flux towers are subject to uncertainties that influence the analysis of remotely-sensed ET products.

scholarly journals Estimation of Apple Flowering Frost Loss for Fruit Yield Based on Gridded Meteorological and Remote Sensing Data in Luochuan, Shaanxi Province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1630
Author(s):  
Yaohui Zhu ◽  
Guijun Yang ◽  
Hao Yang ◽  
Fa Zhao ◽  
Shaoyu Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Root Mean Square Error ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Price Regulation ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Agricultural Insurance

With the increase in the frequency of extreme weather events in recent years, apple growing areas in the Loess Plateau frequently encounter frost during flowering. Accurately assessing the frost loss in orchards during the flowering period is of great significance for optimizing disaster prevention measures, market apple price regulation, agricultural insurance, and government subsidy programs. The previous research on orchard frost disasters is mainly focused on early risk warning. Therefore, to effectively quantify orchard frost loss, this paper proposes a frost loss assessment model constructed using meteorological and remote sensing information and applies this model to the regional-scale assessment of orchard fruit loss after frost. As an example, this article examines a frost event that occurred during the apple flowering period in Luochuan County, Northwestern China, on 17 April 2020. A multivariable linear regression (MLR) model was constructed based on the orchard planting years, the number of flowering days, and the chill accumulation before frost, as well as the minimum temperature and daily temperature difference on the day of frost. Then, the model simulation accuracy was verified using the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) method, and the coefficient of determination (R2), the root mean square error (RMSE), and the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) were 0.69, 18.76%, and 18.76%, respectively. Additionally, the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (EFAST) method was used for the sensitivity analysis of the model parameters. The results show that the simulated apple orchard fruit number reduction ratio is highly sensitive to the minimum temperature on the day of frost, and the chill accumulation and planting years before the frost, with sensitivity values of ≥0.74, ≥0.25, and ≥0.15, respectively. This research can not only assist governments in optimizing traditional orchard frost prevention measures and market price regulation but can also provide a reference for agricultural insurance companies to formulate plans for compensation after frost.

scholarly journals Low Cost Automatic Reconstruction of Tree Structure by AdQSM with Terrestrial Close-Range Photogrammetry

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1020
Author(s):  
Yanqi Dong ◽  
Guangpeng Fan ◽  
Zhiwu Zhou ◽  
Jincheng Liu ◽  
Yongguo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square Error ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Tree Structure ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Tree Model

The quantitative structure model (QSM) contains the branch geometry and attributes of the tree. AdQSM is a new, accurate, and detailed tree QSM. In this paper, an automatic modeling method based on AdQSM is developed, and a low-cost technical scheme of tree structure modeling is provided, so that AdQSM can be freely used by more people. First, we used two digital cameras to collect two-dimensional (2D) photos of trees and generated three-dimensional (3D) point clouds of plot and segmented individual tree from the plot point clouds. Then a new QSM-AdQSM was used to construct tree model from point clouds of 44 trees. Finally, to verify the effectiveness of our method, the diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, and trunk volume were derived from the reconstructed tree model. These parameters extracted from AdQSM were compared with the reference values from forest inventory. For the DBH, the relative bias (rBias), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of variation of root mean square error (rRMSE) were 4.26%, 1.93 cm, and 6.60%. For the tree height, the rBias, RMSE, and rRMSE were—10.86%, 1.67 m, and 12.34%. The determination coefficient (R2) of DBH and tree height estimated by AdQSM and the reference value were 0.94 and 0.86. We used the trunk volume calculated by the allometric equation as a reference value to test the accuracy of AdQSM. The trunk volume was estimated based on AdQSM, and its bias was 0.07066 m3, rBias was 18.73%, RMSE was 0.12369 m3, rRMSE was 32.78%. To better evaluate the accuracy of QSM’s reconstruction of the trunk volume, we compared AdQSM and TreeQSM in the same dataset. The bias of the trunk volume estimated based on TreeQSM was −0.05071 m3, and the rBias was −13.44%, RMSE was 0.13267 m3, rRMSE was 35.16%. At 95% confidence interval level, the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC = 0.77) of the agreement between the estimated tree trunk volume of AdQSM and the reference value was greater than that of TreeQSM (CCC = 0.60). The significance of this research is as follows: (1) The automatic modeling method based on AdQSM is developed, which expands the application scope of AdQSM; (2) provide low-cost photogrammetric point cloud as the input data of AdQSM; (3) explore the potential of AdQSM to reconstruct forest terrestrial photogrammetric point clouds.

Comparison of Thresholding and Edge Detection Segmentation Techniques

2013 ◽  
Vol 860-863 ◽  
pp. 2783-2786
Author(s):  
Yu Bing Dong ◽  
Hai Yan Wang ◽  
Ming Jing Li
Keyword(s):  
Image Segmentation ◽  
Root Mean Square Error ◽  
Edge Detection ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Segmentation Algorithms

Edge detection and thresholding segmentation algorithms are presented and tested with variety of grayscale images in different fields. In order to analyze and evaluate the quality of image segmentation, Root Mean Square Error is used. The smaller error value is, the better image segmentation effect is. The experimental results show that a segmentation method is not suitable for all images segmentation.

Quantitative Analysis of Forsythiae fructus by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 1967-1971
Author(s):  
Yan Bai ◽  
Xiao Yan Duan ◽  
Hai Yan Gong ◽  
Cai Xia Xie ◽  
Zhi Hong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Root Mean Square Error ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Validation Set

In this paper, the content of forsythoside A and ethanol-extract were rapidly determinated by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). 85 samples of Forsythiae Fructus harvested in Luoyang from July to September in 2012 were divided into a calibration set (75 samples) and a validation set (10 samples). In combination with the partical least square (PLS), the quantitative calibration models of forsythoside A and ethanol-extract were established. The correlation coefficient of cross-validation (R2) was 0.98247 and 0.97214 for forsythoside A and ethanol-extract, the root-mean-square error of calibration (RMSEC) was 0.184 and 0.570, the root-mean-square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) was 0.81736 and 0.36656. The validation set were used to evaluate the performance of the models, the root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.221 and 0.518. The results indicated that it was feasible to determine the content of forsythoside A and ethanol-extract in Forsythiae Fructus by near-infrared spectroscopy.

Analysis of candlenut oil as oil adulterant in three functional oils of soybean oil, sunflower oil and grapeseed oil in quaternary mixture systems using FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
A.B. Riyanta ◽  
S. Riyanto ◽  
E. Lukitaningsih ◽  
A. Rohman
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square Error ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Ftir Spectra ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Grapeseed Oil ◽  
Quaternary Mixture

Soybean oil (SBO), sunflower oil (SFO) and grapeseed oil (GPO) contain high levels of unsaturated fats that are good for health and have proximity to candlenut oil. Candlenut oil (CNO) has a lower price and easier to get oil from that seeds than other seed oils, so it is used as adulteration for gains. Therefore, authentication is required to ensure the purity of oils by proper analysis. This research was aimed to highlight the FTIR spectroscopy application with multivariate calibration is a potential analysis for scanning the quaternary mixture of CNO, SBO, SFO and GPO. CNO quantification was performed using multivariate calibrations of principle component (PCR) regression and partial least (PLS) square to predict the model from the optimization FTIR spectra regions. The highest R2 and the lowest values of root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were used as the basis for selection of multivariate calibrations created using several wavenumbers region of FTIR spectra. Wavenumbers regions of 4000-650 cm-1 from the second derivative FTIR-ATR spectra using PLS was used for quantitative analysis of CNO in quaternary mixture with SBO, SFO and GPO with R2 calibration = 0.9942 and 0.0239% for RMSEC value and 0.0495%. So, it can be concluded the use of FTIR spectra combination with PLS is accurate to detect quaternary mixtures of CNO, SBO, SFO and GPO with the highest R2 values and the lowest RMSEC and RMSEP values.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document