The Rod-and-Frame Effect: The Whole is Less than the Sum of its Parts

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5411 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxun Li ◽  
Leonard Matin
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Induction Effect ◽  
Frame Effect ◽  
Object A ◽  
Tilted Frame ◽  
Additive Combination ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rod And Frame ◽  
Individual Line

Since the discovery of the influence of the tilted frame on the visual perception of the orientation perceived as vertical (VPV), the frame has been treated as a unitary object—a Gestalt. We evaluated the effect of 1-line, 2-line, 3-line, and 4-line (square frame) stimuli of two different sizes, and asked whether the influence of the square frame on VPV is any greater than the additive combination of separate influences produced by the individual lines constituting the frame. We found that, for each size, the square frame is considerably less influential than the additive combination of the influences of the individual lines. The results conform to a mass action rule, in which the lengths and orientations of the individual line components are what matters and the organization of the lines into a square does not—no higher-level Gestalt property is involved in the induction effect on VPV.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Aspects of Homeopathy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihael Drofenik
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Model ◽  
Healthy Person ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Molecular Crowding ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The well-known definition of disease, which Samuel Hahnemann presented in a tentative theory for his new science and art of healing, is used as the starting point for the thermodynamic model of homeopathy. The Le Chatelier principle was applied to the biochemical equilibrium compartmentalized in the individual human cells of an ill person to explain the curing based on the re-establishment of the starting equilibrium of a healthy person when using a remedy. It is revealed that a high dilution accompanied by succession is required to release the remedies to their constituent molecular species in order to increase their activity when taking part in the biochemical equilibrium that is essential for healing. In addition, a single remedy reaction-product species, when it is in excess, as well as satisfying the kinetic equilibrium, is a necessary and sufficient condition to force the new biochemical equilibrium in the direction of the basic original equilibrium associated with a healthy state. In addition, homeopathic aggravation is considered on the basis of the Law of Mass Action and the role of the small remedy concentration in some high-profile models is revisited. The second elementary law of homeopathy, the Law of the Infinitesimals, was explained based on a kinetic model. When a remedy occurs in the human cell of a healthy person and forms a reaction product (Simillimum) that induces the finest medical symptoms of an ill person, then remedies entering the cell of the ill person will form identical Simillimum molecules and re-establish the initial equilibrium of the healthy state and cure the ill person. However, this will also induce a molecular crowding in the cells of the ill person. For kinetic reasons, this will aggravate the re-establishment of the initial equilibrium and consequently worsen or even interrupt the medical treatment. At a low remedy concentration, the molecular crowding becomes negligible while the formation of the Simillimum and the re-establishment of the initial equilibrium will take place continuously and cure the person who is ill. The final understanding of the Simillimum in the thermodynamic model was illuminated and wide-opened its duality with the ill person’s key compound.

scholarly journals Determinants of the rod-and-frame effect: Role of organization and subjective contour

1980 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Streibel ◽  
Richard D. Barnes ◽  
George D. Julness ◽  
Sheldon M. Ebenholtz
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Contour ◽  
Frame Effect ◽  
Rod And Frame

Visual Perception in Specific Learning Difficulties

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40
Author(s):  
Neriman Aral
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Learning Difficulty ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mental Problems ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Specific Learning

From the moment the child is born, learning becomes meaningful and it is interpreted as a result of the experiences first in the family and then in school. However, it is sometimes not possible to talk about the fact that learning takes place in all children although the process has taken place in this direction. Sometimes the individual differences that exist in children and the inability to get the necessary support in structuring their learning experiences can be effective in the failure of learning, while sometimes the type of congenital difficulty can be effective. One of these types of difficulty is a specific learning difficulty. It is not always possible for children with specific learning difficulties to learn, even if they do not have any mental problems. In this case, many factors can be effective, especially the problems that children experience in their visual perception can become effective. Since visual perception is the processing of symbols received from the environment in the brain, the problem that may be experienced in this process can also make it difficult to learn this situation. In line with these considerations, it is aimed to focus on the importance of visual perception in specific learning difficulties.

scholarly journals Short Spacing Synthesis from a Primary Beam Scanned Interferometer

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 61-63
Author(s):  
R.D. Ekers ◽  
A.H. Rots
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Line ◽  
Line Profiles ◽  
Short Spacing ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Uniform Sampling ◽  
Extended Sources ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Highly Uniform ◽  
Individual Line

Aperture synthesis instruments providing a generally highly uniform sampling of the visibility function often leave an unsampled hole near the origin of the (u,v)-plane. One of the common configurations of the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) provides sampling in concentric rings with radii of n × 18 m. However, the samples with n=0 and n=1 cannot be obtained directly with the instrument because of rather obvious physical constraints. This missing short spacing information causes a central depression of the synthesized beam pattern, resulting in large negative, bowl shaped areas around (especially) extended sources. Very large sources will only partially be present in the maps. Annoying as this can be for continuum observations, in the case of spectral line data it causes serious distortions of the individual line profiles.

The Time Course of Perceptual Grouping in Natural Scenes

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1482-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilia Korjoukov ◽  
Danique Jeurissen ◽  
Niels A. Kloosterman ◽  
Josine E. Verhoeven ◽  
H. Steven Scholte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Object Classification ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Single Object ◽  
Object A ◽  
Object Parsing ◽  
Different Parts

Visual perception starts with localized filters that subdivide the image into fragments that undergo separate analyses. The visual system has to reconstruct objects by grouping image fragments that belong to the same object. A widely held view is that perceptual grouping occurs in parallel across the visual scene and without attention. To test this idea, we measured the speed of grouping in pictures of animals and vehicles. In a classification task, these pictures were categorized efficiently. In an image-parsing task, participants reported whether two cues fell on the same or different objects, and we measured reaction times. Despite the participants’ fast object classification, perceptual grouping required more time if the distance between cues was larger, and we observed an additional delay when the cues fell on different parts of a single object. Parsing was also slower for inverted than for upright objects. These results imply that perception starts with rapid object classification and that rapid classification is followed by a serial perceptual grouping phase, which is more efficient for objects in a familiar orientation than for objects in an unfamiliar orientation.

Comparison of Five Methods of Presenting the Rod-and-Frame Test

1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene Lester
Keyword(s):  
Frame Effect ◽  
Undergraduate Women ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Fifty undergraduate women were tested with 5 versions of the Rod-and-frame Test. One method yielded a significantly smaller variance than any other. The same method also gave a smaller frame effect than has previously been noted for female Ss.

scholarly journals The gap between rod and frame influences the rod-and-frame effect with small and large inducing displays

1993 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Zoccolotti ◽  
Gabriella Antonucci ◽  
Donatella Spinelli
Keyword(s):  
Frame Effect ◽  
Rod And Frame

Subject or object: a product’s scent congruent perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-416
Author(s):  
Ana M. Arboleda ◽  
Carlos Arce-Lopera ◽  
Samuel González
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Object A ◽  
Reference Quality ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is evaluate to what extent consumers can recognise a scent within a context that is congruent either with the product or with the user, respectively, objects’ quality or subjects’ involvement. Design/methodology/approach This paper consists of two experimental studies. The first study assesses people’s capacity to recognise three scents: leather, synthetic leather, and fabric. The second study assesses the way in which a frame of reference (quality or involvement) affects people’s capacity for scent recognition (leather and fabric). Findings Results confirm the difficulty of scent recognition revealing, in the first study, a low level of consistency in subjects’ responses. The second study shows an interaction between the type of scent and consumers’ framework: subjects who are primed to think about product quality present more accurate scent recognition when they smell leather, whereas subjects who are primed to think about themselves present more accurate scent recognition when they smell fabric. Practical implications These results can be used in brand communication. A scent, such as that of leather, should highlight quality attributes in its communication. If the product is unscented, communication should highlight the subject who uses the product. Originality/value Previous studies show the importance of the consistency between scent and product marketing strategies. This study complements these findings by differentiating the context where a scent is presented considering either the product (the object’s quality attributes) or the individual who uses that product (subject’s involvement).

Induced Motion and the Visual Vertical: Effects of Frame Size

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1443-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice N. Brooks ◽  
Michael F. Sherrick
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Frame Size ◽  
Frame Effect ◽  
Visual Vertical ◽  
Induced Motion ◽  
Perceived Motion ◽  
Extensive Involvement ◽  
Rod And Frame

Induced visual motion and the rod-and-frame effect have both been explained in terms of changes in the observer's spatial orientation. Accordingly, we examined the effects of large and small visual frames on the two phenomena in the present experiment, testing 8 male and 8 female undergraduates. During induced motion, subjects noted the perceived motion of a stationary central point of light and then moved this light back to its apparent original location. For the visual vertical, subjects aligned two points of light to indicate the perceived vertical in the presence of straight and tilted frames. As predicted, the larger frames generated more induced motion and greater displacement of the visual vertical. These results may have occurred because the larger frame had a greater effect on the subjects' spatial orientation, perhaps due to the more extensive involvement of the peripheral, or ambient, visual system.

On the Possible Causal Relation between Perceived Spatial Orientation and Induced Motion

1995 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 641-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony H. Reinhardt-Rutland
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Frame Effect ◽  
Induced Motion ◽  
Rod And Frame

In 1994 Brooks and Sherrick showed that both the rod-and-frame effect and frame-and-spot-induced motion increase as the inducing frame is made larger. This suggests that change in perceived spatial orientation causes induced motion. Here it is argued that the rod-and-frame effect is more appropriately compared with induced rotation, which differs from frame-and-spot-induced motion in a number of ways. It is argued that the rod-and-frame effect may inhibit induced rotation.

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