Comparison of Five Methods of Presenting the Rod-and-Frame Test

Data from 50 male and 50 female adult volunteers were analyzed for reliability and validity of three alternative scoring systems for the Rod and Frame Test, an absolute scoring system and two alternative algebraic scoring systems. Subjects took the Rod and Frame Test, Portable Rod and Frame Test, and the Embedded Figures Test. Absolute and algebraic frame-effect scores were reliable and valid. Rod-effect algebraic scores were less reliable and valid. Correlations were higher for females and correlations with the Embedded Figures Test were so low that the interchangeability of these field articulation measures is questionable.

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The Distinction between the Rod-and-Frame Illusion and the Rod-and-Frame Test

Perception ◽

10.1068/p030205 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 205-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

P M Wenderoth

Keyword(s):

Angular Function ◽

Frame Effect ◽

Tilt Illusion ◽

Single Frame ◽

Frame Tilt ◽

Attraction Effects ◽

Gravitational Vertical ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

Errors in vertical settings of a test rod occur when the rod is enclosed in a laterally-tilted square-outline frame. The majority of previous experiments which have investigated this rod-and-frame effect have used a single frame tilt, usually 28°, and have tabulated errors as average unsigned deviations from gravitational vertical. Evidence is presented that, when the illusion is measured by taking algebraic differences between constant (signed) errors made with and without the frame being present, illusions occur in the direction of frame tilt for frame tilts up to about 25° from vertical (repulsion effects) but that directionally opposite illusions (attraction effects) occur for frame tilts between 25° and 45°. At the frame tilts used most frequently in previous studies (25° to 30°) little or no illusion occurs. A distinction is drawn between the rod-and-frame illusion (RFI), which has an angular function similar to the simple tilt illusion and aftereffect, and the rod-and-frame test (RFT), which uses unsigned deviations from vertical as its measure of error and which probably bears little or no relationship to the RFI.

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Field Independence and Resistance to Reversal of Perspective

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1966.22.2.543 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 543-546 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Frank Haronian ◽

A. Arthur Sugerman

Keyword(s):

Short Form ◽

Necker Cube ◽

Normal Male ◽

Field Independence ◽

Embedded Figures Test ◽

Following Instructions ◽

Independence Results ◽

Male University Students ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

The more successful 102 normal male university students were in following instructions to resist fluctuations of the Necker cube, the more field-independently they scored on both Series III of the rod-and-frame test ( r = .28) and on Jackson's short form of the embedded-figures test ( r = .24). Under neutral instructions, the correlations were nil. Results support prior findings that a small but significant portion of the variance of Necker cube fluctuations under instructions to control the rate of shift is related to scores of field independence. Results support Jackson's finding that ability to control the rate of shift is not related to intelligence.

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Spanish Children's Scores on Children's Embedded Figures and Rod and Frame Tests

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1993.76.3c.1259 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1259-1263 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Juan Antonio Amador-Campos ◽

Teresa Kirchner-Nebot

Keyword(s):

Field Dependence ◽

Test Scores ◽

Embedded Figures Test ◽

Embedded Figures ◽

Measure Field ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

The Children's Embedded Figures Test and the Rod and Frame Test were administered to 179 boys and 110 girls of an average age of 9.03 years to measure field dependence-independence. No significant gender-related differences were found on either test. Scores on these tests were moderately and significantly correlated.

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The assessment of increased sensitivity to visual stimuli in patients with chronic dizziness

Journal of Vestibular Research ◽

10.3233/ves-2006-164-509 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 16 (4-5) ◽

pp. 223-231

Author(s):

Marousa Pavlou ◽

Rosalyn A. Davies ◽

Adolfo M. Bronstein

Keyword(s):

Clinical Diagnosis ◽

Psychological Symptoms ◽

Vestibular Dysfunction ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Symptom Scale ◽

Dynamic Posturography ◽

Normal Ranges ◽

Composite Scores ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

Patients with chronic vestibular dysfunction often experience visually-induced aggravation of dizzy symptoms (visual vertigo; VV). The Situational Characteristics Questionnaire (SCQ), Computerized Dynamic Posturography or Rod and Frame Test (RFT) are used to assess VV symptoms. This study evaluates whether correlations exist between these three tests, their ability to identify patients with VV and whether emotional state correlates with VV symptoms. Tests were completed by 20 normal controls (Group NC), 20 patients with vestibular dysfunction plus VV (Group VV) and 13 without VV (Group NVV). Additionally, the Vertigo Symptom Scale (VSS-V) was applied to quantify general, non-visually induced vertigo (dizziness, lightheadedness and/or spinning) and imbalance. Autonomic (VSS-A) and psychological symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression questionnaire; HAD) were also assessed. With the SCQ 100% of Group VV scored outside normal ranges and scores differed significantly between Group VV and both Groups NC and NVV. RFT values were not significantly different between groups; only 15% of patients scored outside normal ranges. Posturography scores were abnormal for 50% of patients; significant differences were noted between Groups NC and VV for composite scores and ratios 3/1, 4/1, 5/1 and 6/1 (indicative of abnormal sensory re-weighting). There were no correlations between the three data sets in patients. Anxiety and depression scores significantly differed between Groups NC and VV but not between patient groups; this indicates that psychological symptoms may be present in either patient group. The SCQ can be used to corroborate an initial clinical diagnosis of VV and quantify its severity in patients with vestibular dysfunction. Posturography data suggested patients with VV have a sensory re-weighting abnormality. The rod and frame test results and posturography findings agree less with the clinical diagnosis of VV. Psychological symptoms may need to be addressed.

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Validation of a Group Embedded Figures Test for Young Children

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1980.51.2.483 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 483-486 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Theodore R. Cromack ◽

Meredith K. Stone

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Second Grade ◽

Embedded Figures Test ◽

Embedded Figures ◽

Level 1 ◽

Group Embedded Figures Test ◽

Test Level ◽

Level 2 ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

This paper describes the development and concurrent validation of a group-administered measure of field-dependence/independence for early elementary children. Following the procedure used to validate the Children's Group Embedded Figures Test (Level 2, 9 to 11 yr.), a validation study of a group test for younger children was undertaken with a second-grade sample ( N = 77). The test was reliable (alpha = .84) and significantly related to both the individually administered Children's Embedded Figures Test ( r = .56) and Portable Rod-and-frame Test ( r = .57). This measure, designated the Children's Group Embedded Figures Test—Level 1, provides a promising research instrument for assessing cognitive style of young children.

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Field (In)dependence Flexibility Following a Virtual Immersion Is Associated With Cybersickness and Sense of Presence

Frontiers in Virtual Reality ◽

10.3389/frvir.2021.706712 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

A. Maneuvrier ◽

L. M. Decker ◽

P. Renaud ◽

G. Ceyte ◽

H. Ceyte

Keyword(s):

Visual Cues ◽

Subjective Experience ◽

A Posteriori ◽

Future Studies ◽

Sense Of Presence ◽

Before And After ◽

High Level ◽

Shed Light ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

Field dependence–independence (FDI) is a psychological construct determining an individual’s approach of the perception–cognition coupling. In virtual reality (VR) context, several studies suggest that an individual’s perceptive style is susceptible to shift toward a more FI mode through down-weighting of conflicting visual cues. The present study proposes to investigate the potential flexible nature of FDI following a virtual immersion and to assess if this flexibility might be associated with the subjective experience of VR. 86 participants explored a real-world–like virtual environment for approximately 10 min. FDI levels were measured before and after the VR exposure using the rod-and-frame test. Their subjective experience of VR was measured a posteriori (cybersickness and sense of presence) and used in order to build two experimental groups via a cluster analysis. The results showed that only participants with a poor subjective experience of VR (i.e., a low level of sense of presence associated with a high level of cybersickness) significantly shifted to a more FI mode, which is discussed as a sensory re-weighting mechanism. Pragmatical applications are discussed, and future studies are outlined, based on the conclusion that FDI might be more flexible than we thought, which could shed light on the psychophysiology of VR.

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Cognitive Style Differences between Engineers and College Students

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1967.25.3.789 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 789-793 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Gerald V. Barrett ◽

Carl L. Thornton

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Cognitive Style ◽

Standardization Sample ◽

Close Resemblance ◽

Job Functions ◽

Field Independent ◽

Adult Status ◽

Rod And Frame Test ◽

Rod And Frame

The description of Witkin's field-independent individuals as those who tend to be analytical, logical, and able to extract subtle aspects from problems for analysis bears a close resemblance to the description of engineering job functions. It was therefore hypothesized that engineers would be more field-independent than Witkin's standardization sample. It was determined that 46 engineers and technicians were significantly more field independent, as measured by the rod-and-frame test, than Witkin's standardization sample. Alternate explanations for the obtained results are discussed, including intelligence, sampling, and shift to adult status.

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