scholarly journals Relative Size Perception at a Distance is Best at Eye Level

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 89-89
Author(s):  
M Bertamini ◽  
T L Yang ◽  
D R Proffitt
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Distance Perception ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Size Perception ◽  
Horizon Line ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Source Of Information

We studied the role of the horizon line as a source of information about the relative size of objects at a distance. Relative-size judgements (2AFC) were collected for two objects at 30.5 m and 23.8 m away from the observer to assess how performance depends on the relationship between the size of the objects and the eye level of the observer. In three experiments in an indoor hallway and in one experiment outdoors, accuracy was higher for objects in the neighbourhood of eye level. We consider these results in the light of two hypotheses: one which proposes that observers localise the horizon as a reference for judging relative size, ie on the basis of the horizon ratio, and another which proposes that observers perceive the general neighbourhood of the horizon and then employ a height-in-visual-field heuristic. The finding that relative-size judgements are best around the horizon implies the use of information independent of distance perception in perceiving size.

The Role of Normative Information in Judgments of Others

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine H. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Social Desirability ◽  
Interpersonal Perception ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Average Person ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Source Of Information

When forming impressions of an other’s personality, people often rely on information not directly related to the individual at hand. One source of information that can influence people’s impressions of others is the personality of the average person (i.e., normative profile). This relationship between the normative profile and an impression is called normative accuracy or normativity. In this chapter, you will learn about the average personality, why it is important, the relationship to social desirability and what it means to have a normative impression, as well as correlates and moderators of normativity. More broadly, you will learn about current research and views regarding the normative profile and normative impressions as well as concrete steps for incorporating this approach into your future research on interpersonal perception.

The Psychologist-Educator Views the Relationship of Vision to Reading and Related Learning Disabilities

1981 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 565-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jules C. Abrams
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Learning Disability ◽  
Visual Defects ◽  
Considerable Controversy ◽  
Visual Problems ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The role of visual problems in learning disability has been a source of considerable controversy for many years. One major issue in the continuing argument is the frequent confusion of labels and concepts in the visual field. It is important to view vision as a psychophysiologic mechanism and to differentiate it from a mechanistic orientation emphasizing the eyes. Most visual problems related to learning disability represent a breakdown in the ability of the eyes to function in an harmonious fashion, that is, some interference in binocular function. While visual defects should not be confused with defects in visual perception, the identification and treatment of visual problems is an important element in the diagnosis and remediation of learning disabilities.

scholarly journals Size-mediated, density-dependent cannibalism in the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852) (Decapoda, Astacidea), an invasive crayfish in Britain

Crustaceana ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Houghton ◽  
C. Wood ◽  
X. Lambin
Keyword(s):  
Relative Size ◽  
Pacifastacus Leniusculus ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Signal Crayfish ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Invasive Crayfish ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Best Fit

The role of cannibalism in crayfish populations is not well understood, despite being a potentially key density-dependent process underpinning population dynamics. We studied the incidence of cannibalism in an introduced signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus population in a Scottish lowland river in September 2014. Animals were sampled using six different sampling techniques simultaneously, revealing variable densities and size distributions across the site. Cannibalism prevalence was estimated by analysing the gut contents of crayfish >20 mm CL for the presence of crayfish fragments, which was found to be 20% of dissected individuals. When seeking evidence of relationships between the sizes of cannibals and ‘prey’, the density of conspecifics <56% the size of a dissected individual yielded the best fit. The relationship between cannibalism probability and crayfish size and density was equally well described by three different metrics of crayfish density. Cannibalism increased with crayfish size and density but did not vary according to sex. These results suggest that large P. leniusculus frequently cannibalize smaller (prey) conspecifics, and that the probability of cannibalism is dependent upon the relative size of cannibal-to-prey and the density of the smaller crayfish. We suggest that removing large individuals, as targeted by many traditional removal techniques, may lead to reduced cannibalism and therefore a compensatory increase in juvenile survival.

The Influence of Charismatic Leadership Communication Towards the Credibility of Public Organisation in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-426
Author(s):  
Jamilah Jamal ◽  
◽  
Hassan Abu Bakar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Charismatic Leadership ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Leadership Communication ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Organisation ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Source Of Information

The credibility of public organisation as the source of information often receives negative intuition and misinterpretation from the public at large. Since credibility of public organisation is very much related to public trust, scholars have focused on antecedents of organisational credibility such as leadership constructs to restore trust and confidence among the public. Yet not much research has investigated the role of charismatic leadership communication in building and establishing organisational credibility of the public organisation. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between charismatic leadership communication and the influence of its three dimensions (task oriented, enthusiasm and empathy) with organisational credibility of public organisation in Malaysia. This study employed a quantitative approach to measure participants' perception on their organisational leadership communication and credibility. A total of 368 public organisation employees which were selected through stratified random sampling participated in the survey. The hypothesis of this study was tested using Pearson correlation to examine the relationship between the constructs, whereas multiple regression was used to examine the variance of each dimension of charismatic leadership communication on organisational credibility. The finding reveals that there is a significant relationship between charismatic leadership communication and public organisation credibility, while task-oriented communication appears to be the most significant dimension influencing the credibility of Malaysia public organisation. The implication of the study suggested that public organisational credibility is influenced by the way the information was delivered by the organisation through its charismatic leaders. Theoretical and practical contributions were advanced in this study. Keywords: Charismatic leadership communication, empathy, enthusiasm, task-related communication, organizational credibility.

Shoppers' Intention to Provide Online Reviews

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sai Vijay Tata ◽  
Sanjeev Prashar ◽  
Chandan Parsad
Keyword(s):  
Online Reviews ◽  
Online Review ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Moderating Role

With an increase in e-commerce activity, online reviews have become a pertinent source of information for shoppers. Existing research is limited to examining select predictors of shoppers' intention to write reviews; however, there exists a gap in deciphering the role of review involvement in intention to write reviews. The present study pertains to the influence of the usefulness of site and product, and shoppers' satisfaction, and also on the intention to write reviews online. Besides this, the article also explores the moderating role of review involvement on the relationship between shopper satisfaction and their intention to post reviews. The study reveals a few interesting and counter-intuitive findings that add to literature and practice in understanding online review posting behaviour. Theoretical and managerial implications based on the findings are also presented.

A Pendulum Phenomenon in the Visual Perception of Apparent Movement

1952 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. L. Hall ◽  
A. E. Earle ◽  
T. G. Crookes
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Apparent Movement ◽  
Electrical Contacts ◽  
Perceptual Process ◽  
Light Stimuli ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In setting up an apparatus for studying the phenomenon of apparent movement it was noticed that, when a metronome was employed for making the electrical contacts in the light-circuits, the path of apparent movement between the two lights was curved instead of straight. This deviation could not be attributed to the presence of any distorting structure in the visual field, and an experimental investigation of the conditions of the phenomenon was begun. So far five different display conditions have each been observed by ten or eleven subjects individually. No subject saw more than one condition in the experimental series, and their reports indicate that the following factors, in order of importance, are effective in leading to the perception of curved apparent movement: (1) the shape of the light-stimuli, (2) the regularity of the rhythm of presentation, (3) the gradient of brightening and dimming of the lights and (4) the sound of the metronome in synchrony with the appearance of the lights. The possible role of past experience in the perceptual process, and the relationship of this “pendular” phenomenon to Johansson's (1950) “wandering” phenomenon and to normal stroboscopic movement, are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals The Mechanisms of Size Constancy

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 253-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Sperandio ◽  
Irene Sperandio ◽  
Philippe A. Chouinard
Keyword(s):  
Visual Experience ◽  
Distance Perception ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Size Perception ◽  
Retinal Images ◽  
Size Constancy ◽  
Constant Size ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
The Brain

Size constancy is the result of cognitive scaling operations that enable us to perceive an object as having the same size when presented at different viewing distances. In this article, we review the literature on size and distance perception to form an overarching synthesis of how the brain might combine retinal images and distance cues of retinal and extra-retinal origin to produce a perceptual visual experience of a world where objects have a constant size. A convergence of evidence from visual psychophysics, neurophysiology, neuropsychology, electrophysiology and neuroimaging highlight the primary visual cortex (V1) as an important node in mediating size–distance scaling. It is now evident that this brain area is involved in the integration of multiple signals for the purposes of size perception and does much more than fulfil the role of an entry position in a series of hierarchical cortical events. We also discuss how information from other sensory modalities can also contribute to size–distance scaling and shape our perceptual visual experience.

scholarly journals Does a Board Characteristic Moderate the Relationship between CSR Practices and Financial Performance? Evidence from European ESG Firms

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Matteo Rossi ◽  
Jamel Chouaibi ◽  
Salim Chouaibi ◽  
Wafa Jilani ◽  
Yamina Chouaibi
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Governance Mechanisms ◽  
Board Characteristics ◽  
Thomson Reuters ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Source Of Information

This study aims to examine the potential effect that corporate social responsibility practices (CSR) have on financial performance in ESG firms, using the moderating role of board characteristics. To test the moderating effect of the board characteristics in the relationship between CSR practices and financial performance, we applied linear regressions with panel data using the Thomson Reuters ASSET4 database from European countries in analyzing data of 225 listed companies between 2015 and 2019. The results show that board characteristics partially moderate the relationship between CSR practices and financial performance in European ESG firms. In addition, this study indicates that CSR practices affect the firm’s financial performance positively. The study findings appended a new dimension to governance research that could provide policymakers and regulators with a valuable source of information to strengthen governance mechanisms for better financial performance. Previous studies mostly investigate the direct effect of corporate governance on financial performance. A few studies examine the moderating effect of CSR practice. This paper contributes by investigating the moderating effect of governance mechanisms in the ESG context.

scholarly journals Two-dimensional Peripheral Refraction and Retinal Image Quality in Emmetropic Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weizhong Lan ◽  
Zhenghua Lin ◽  
Zhikuang Yang ◽  
Pablo Artal
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Baseline Data ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
Homogeneous Pattern ◽  
Horizontal Refraction ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between the optical properties of the eye in the periphery and myopia development is still under debate. To further clarify this issue, we provide here baseline data of two-dimensional peripheral optics results in a group of emmetropic Chinese children. Peripheral aberrations were measured under cycloplegia by using an open-view Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor (VPR, Voptica SL, Spain). This instrument allows to measure fast in the horizontal visual field from temporal 30° to nasal 30° every 1°. Two-dimensional (2D) maps were retrieved from a series of horizonal scans taken every 4° from 20° superior to 16° inferior covering a visual field of 60 × 36°. A relatively homogeneous pattern of the 2D relative peripheral refraction was found across all these emmetropic subjects. Using cluster analysis followed by manual visual refinement, the 2D maps were identified to fit into four categories. More than 70% of the subjects showed a nearly flat horizontal refraction with a slightly myopic shift in the superior retina. Peripheral astigmatism was quite constant across subjects and similar to that expected theoretically. Peripheral aberrations were also similar to those in the fovea for a large retinal area. These baseline data would offer an important reference to compare with the future evolution with time, as well as with other refractive or age groups of subjects, to better understand the role of peripheral optical properties in myopia development.

Blindsight

Metagnosis ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 127-161
Author(s):  
Danielle Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual Field Defect ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Neurological Condition ◽  
Epistemic Stance ◽  
Western Philosophical Tradition ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Field Defect

In situating the author’s retrospective visual field “defect” revelation, this chapter begins with the neurological condition of anosognosia—being unaware of a disease—exploring its manifestations and philosophical implications. In addition, another means of understanding the author’s visual field “defect” emerges in the figure of “blindsight,” or unconscious vision. Tracing the relationship between vision and thought in the Western philosophical tradition as well as the philosophical role of blindsight, the chapter then proposes that blindsight models a particular epistemic stance encompassing the known and unknown, one which will prove useful in addressing the phenomenon of metagnosis and beyond.

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