Jonathon spot – Three factors related to incidence, fruit size, breakdown, and seed numbers

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Martin ◽  
TL Lewis ◽  
J Cerny
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Size Group ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
The One ◽  
Tree Fruits

Observations are reported which show that: (1) There is an interaction between the disorders Jonathan spot and breakdown. There is a negative correlation between them, but the same fruits tend to be susceptible to both disorders. (2) In the absence of other disorders there is a positive intercorrelation between percentage Jonathan spot, mean fruit size, and mean seed number both within and between trees. (3) In the one fruit size group on a tree, fruits with Jonathan spot have a higher mean seed number per fruit than sound fruit, and the seeds have a greater tendency to germinate. (4) Within trees, a thinning treatment which produces fruit of differing sizes but with the same seed number does not alter the percentage Jonathan spot. Between trees, a thinning treatment which produces fruit of the same size but a differing seed number results in differing levels of Jonathan spot.

Interaction Between CPPU and NAA on Fruit Thinning and Fruit Development in Selected Apple Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 513c-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Bukovac ◽  
Jerome Hull ◽  
John C. Neilsen ◽  
Michael Schroeder ◽  
Georg Noga
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Carpel Development ◽  
Return Bloom

NAA is used extensively for fruit thinning of apples to increase fruit size and to promote return bloom. In some cultivars, even if thinning is achieved, fruit size at harvest may be less than expected based on crop load. CPPU, N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N.-phenylurea, has been shown to increase fruit growth in apples, grapes, and kiwi. We evaluated combinations of NAA and CPPU on thinning, fruit growth and return bloom in Redchief `Delicious', `Elstar', and `Gloster'. CPPU was applied at 5 mgμL–1 (based on 0 to 10 mgμL–1 response curve) in combination with 15 mgμL–1 NAA as high-volume sprays at 7 to 10 mm KFD. Yield and fruit size distribution (on total yield) were used as index of response. In `Delicious', CPPU (3-year study) increased % large (70 mm+) fruit, but in the presence of NAA % large fruit was reduced 2 of the 3 years. CPPU did not induce significant thinning. There were no significant effects on color or soluble solids; firmness was increased slightly and seed number reduced. The L/D ratio was increased and uneven lobe and carpel development was common. CPPU had no significant effect on return bloom in presence or absence of NAA, but NAA increased bloom in both the presence and absence of CPPU. With `Elstar' (2-year study) there was no significant thinning with either chemical, but CPPU increased mean fruit size and % large (70–80 mm) fruit over nonthinned, but not significantly greater than NAA alone. There were no significant differences in firmness, color, soluble solids or seed number. NAA + CPPU did not inhibit fruit growth or cause excessive uneven carpel development. Frost damage reduced crop load in `Gloster' where results were similar to `Elstar' except seed number was reduced by the NAA + CPPU combination.

Cycles in symbol production? A new model to explain concentration, diversity and innovation in the music industry

Popular Music ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Christianen
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Music Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recording Industry ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
New Model ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The One

With the publication of the article ‘Cycles in symbol production’ (Peterson and Berger 1975) a discussion started concerning the advantages and disadvantages of the production of cultural goods under market conditions. The analysis by Peterson and Berger showed a negative correlation between concentration in the recording industry, on the one hand, and the diversity and innovativeness of the music, on the other. Repetition of the analysis using data from the 1980s (Burnett 1990; Lopes 1992) has shown that for this period Peterson and Berger's hypotheses should be rejected. Is there a connection between concentration and diversity and innovation? Are there cycles in symbol production? There seems to be no conclusive answer. In this article, I will attempt to clear up this matter. First, I will repeat the analysis of the relation between concentration and diversity/innovation, using the same model as Peterson and Berger, but with different definitions for the variables concentration, diversity and innovation. Then I will suggest a new model, which can be helpful in uncovering other factors influencing diversity and innovation in the music industry. I will come to that later. Let me first give the reader a brief overview of previous research.

scholarly journals CITRUS FRUIT QUALITY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SIZE USING DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
Ulzii-Orshikh Dorj ◽  
Uranbaigal Dejidbal ◽  
Hongseok Chae ◽  
Lkhagvadorj Batsambuu ◽  
Altanchimeg Badarch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Quality Classification ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Vision Algorithm ◽  
Tree Fruits ◽  
Actual Size

A new computer vision algorithm for citrus fruit quality classification based on the size of a single tree fruits was developed in this study. The image properties of area, perimeter, and diameter for the citrus fruits were measured by pixels. In order to estimate citrus fruit size in a realistic manner, the ratios of diameter, perimeter and area in pixel values in relation to the actual size of one fruit were determined. The total of 1860 citrus fruits were grouped based on diameter, perimeter, and area in pixels. The results of the grouping of citrus fruits by diameter, perimeter and area were compared with the results of the survey research into citrus fruit size as conducted by the Jeju Citrus Commission. Comparative results reveal that the image of the citrus fruit diameter in pixels demonstrate a more accurate size than the other two pixel values, i.e. perimeter and area.

scholarly journals A Peptide Pair Coordinates Regular Ovule Initiation Patterns with Seed Number and Fruit Size

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (22) ◽  
pp. 4352-4361.e4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nozomi Kawamoto ◽  
Dunia Pino Del Carpio ◽  
Alexander Hofmann ◽  
Yoko Mizuta ◽  
Daisuke Kurihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Peptide Pair

Control of Meristem Size

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munenori Kitagawa ◽  
David Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Genetic Networks ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Cell Maintenance

A fascinating feature of plant growth and development is that plants initiate organs continually throughout their lifespan. The ability to do this relies on specialized groups of pluripotent stem cells termed meristems, which allow for the elaboration of the shoot, root, and vascular systems. We now have a deep understanding of the genetic networks that control meristem initiation and stem cell maintenance, including the roles of receptors and their ligands, transcription factors, and integrated hormonal and chromatin control. This review describes these networks and discusses how this knowledge is being applied to improve crop productivity by increasing fruit size and seed number.

Effect of blossom thinning on fruit density, fruit size and seed count of Williams' Bon Chretien and Packham's Triumph pears

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 248 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Selimi
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Bud Removal

Effects on fruit density, fruit size, and fruit fertilization (seed count) of several degrees of fruit bud removal three to four weeks before bloom, was studied on Williams Bon Chretien and Packham's Triumph pears. The effects were studied in the presence or absence of cross pollination. Fruit set increased with increasing severity of blossom bud removal, indicating that poor setting was not due to faulty flowers. This was also confirmed by hand pollination of the clusters on unthinned limbs, where fruit set was much higher than on unthinned unpollinated limbs. Fruit density in Packham's was not reduced even by 80 per cent of fruit bud removal, and in Williams' fruit density was significantly reduced at 60 or 40 per cent of fruit bud removal, in a heavy or intermediate flowering years, respectively, whereas in a poor flowering year, fruit density was not significantly reduced even by 80 per cent of bud removal. Heavy thinning resulted in increased fruit size in Williams' but not in Packham's pears. Hand poIlination or bouquets increased seed number and fruit size greatly in \Villiams7 and increased seed number but not fruit size in Packham's.

Audience Size and Variations in Stuttering Behavior

1964 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald M. Siegel ◽  
David Haugen
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Size Group ◽  
Initial Frequency ◽  
Audience Size

This study investigated the effects of variations in audience size on stuttering frequency and adaptation of stuttering. Twenty-five stutterers were divided into an Increasing and a Decreasing audience size group. Subjects in both groups read in both an experimental and a control condition. Stuttering adaptation was reduced as the size of the audience increased. The data concerning the Decreasing treatment are more equivocal. A substantial negative correlation was found between initial frequency of stuttering and stuttering adaptation.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SWEET CHERRY FLOWER BUD DEVELOPMENT AND FRUIT QUALITY

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 668b-668
Author(s):  
Preston K. Andrews ◽  
Shulin Li ◽  
Margaret L. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Flower Bud Development

The development of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L., `Bing') flower buds from winter through anthesis was examined. Shoots were collected from the top and bottom of the canopy. The weight and size of flower buds and primordia produced on last-season's and 1-year-old wood were measured. As early as mid-December bud and primordia size and weight were greater on last-season's wood than on 1-year-old wood, with the largest and heaviest buds and primordia produced on last-season's wood in the bottom of the canopy. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of primordia per bud and primordium weight. The relationship between flower bud and primordia size during mid-December and ovary size at anthesis suggests a causal relationship, which may be a major source of variation influencing harvested fruit size and quality.

scholarly journals Prebloom Treatments to Alleviate Cold Injury in Apple

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 807E-807
Author(s):  
E.W. Stover ◽  
T.E. Paine ◽  
W.C. Stiles
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cold Injury ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Strong Trend ◽  
Winter Temperatures

Damage to xylem subtending apple buds is often observed following very low winter temperatures. Reports suggest that prebloom application of boron, zinc, and urea facilitate recovery. Prebloom nutrient treatments were applied to `McIntosh' and `Empire' at three sites in Spring 1994. The following treatments were applied to drip at half-inch green: boron (22.8 mM, solubor); Zn-EDTA (0.75 mM); boron and Zn-EDTA; boron, Zn-EDTA, and urea (59.4 mM). Another treatment used boron and Zn-EDTA at half-inch green, followed by boron, Zn-EDTA, and urea at pink. Spur leaf area, fruit set, fruit size, and seed number were determined. There were no clear treatment effects at the warmest site (mid-winter low –32C); however, this orchard was more variable than other treatment sites. The intermediate site (mid-winter low –37C) had a strong trend of increasing fruit set in `Empire' and `McIntosh' as more nutrients were applied. The combined half-inch green and pink treatment significantly increased fruit set by 23.8% compared to the untreated control. At the coldest site (mid-winter low –42C), `Empire' again displayed a strong trend of increasing fruit set with additional nutrients. All treatments combining boron and zinc significantly increased fruit set. The combined half-inch green and pink treatment increased fruit set by 43%. At this site `McIntosh' did not respond to treatment. However, `McIntosh' trees had continued active growth into late Fall 1993 and sustained severe cold injury in November. Data suggest that, when they were effective, nutrient treatments resulted in increased retention of flower buds on damaged spurs.

scholarly journals Effective Pollination Period of Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ Kiwifruit

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-660
Author(s):  
Ashley K. Brantley ◽  
James D. Spiers ◽  
Andrew B. Thompson ◽  
James A. Pitts ◽  
J. Raymond Kessler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Size Index ◽  
Days After Anthesis ◽  
Female Flowers

Commercial kiwifruit production often requires substantial inputs for successful pollination. Determining the length of time that female flowers can be successfully pollinated can aid management decisions concerning pollination enhancement. The purpose of this research was to determine the effective pollination period (EPP) for ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and ‘AU Fitzgerald’. Either 30 (2013) or 32 (2014, 2015) flowers of ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ were hand pollinated each day for 1 to 5 (2013) days after anthesis (DAA) or 1 to 7 DAA (2014, 2015), and then isolated to prevent open pollination. Anthesis was considered the day the flower opened. Similarly, ‘AU Fitzgerald’ flowers were pollinated and then isolated 1 to 6 DAA in 2013 and 1 to 7 DAA in 2015. For ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ in 2013, fruit set was consistent over the 5-day period, but fruit weight, fruit size index, and seed number decreased between 1 and 3 and 4 and 5 DAA. In 2014, fruit set decreased between 1 and 6 and 7 DAA, whereas fruit weight, fruit size index, and seed number each decreased in a linear trend. In 2015, fruit set also decreased between 1 and 6 and 7 DAA, whereas all other responses decreased linearly. Based on fruit set in 2014 and 2015, the EPP for ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ was 6 DAA. The EPP for ‘AU Fitzgerald’, however, was more variable. In 2013, fruit weight, fruit size index and seed number decreased between 1 and 4 and 5 and 6 DAA, suggesting that the EPP was 4 DAA. In 2015, fruit set remained consistent over the 7-day period with fruit weight, fruit size index, and seed number decreasing linearly. Differences in temperature and the alternate bearing tendency of kiwifruit species likely contributed to the discrepancies between the years for the EPP. For each cultivar, reductions in fruit weight, size, and seed number were observed before an observed decrease in fruit set. Greater fruit weight, size, and seed number were observed when flowers were pollinated within the first few DAA, with results varying thereafter.

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