Resistance to subterranean clover stunt virus

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 639 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Peak ◽  
FHW Morley ◽  
NW Grylls
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Major Genes ◽  
Complete Dominance ◽  
Subterranean Clover Stunt Virus

In glass-house tests of 40 subterranean clover lines showing field resistance, 21 were found to be resistant. These included lines from Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Greece, Tunisia, and Australia. The resistance of the Australian varieties Tallarook and Hill's Small was confirmed. Three further lines from Australia, Hexham Smooth Stem, Hexham Hairy Stem, and Samaria, were also found to be resistant. Bass B, previously classed as resistant, gave variable results. The level of resistance in the F1's from crosses between resistant and susceptible parents equalled that of the resistant parents, which indicated complete dominance of resistance. The F2 values were somewhat higher than those of the mid-parents. Variations among resistant and susceptible parents, and among F2's of susceptible parents, indicated that resistance is not determined solely by a single gene. Modifiers, and probably different major genes, appear to be present. The implications of these results for plant breeding are discussed.

Genetic improvement of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). 2. Breeding for disease and pest resistance

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. H. Nichols ◽  
R. A. C. Jones ◽  
T. J. Ridsdill-Smith ◽  
M. J. Barbetti
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Halotydeus Destructor ◽  
Subterranean Clover Stunt Virus

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) is the most widely sown pasture legume in southern Australia and resistance to important diseases and pests has been a major plant-breeding objective. Kabatiella caulivora, the cause of clover scorch, is the most important foliar fungal pathogen, and several cultivars have been developed with resistance to both known races. Screening of advanced breeding lines has been conducted to prevent release of cultivars with high susceptibility to other important fungal foliar disease pathogens, including rust (Uromyces trifolii-repentis), powdery mildew (Oidium sp.), cercospora (Cercospora zebrina) and common leaf spot (Pseudopeziza trifolii). Several oomycete and fungal species cause root rots of subterranean clover, including Phytophthora clandestina, Pythium irregulare, Aphanomyces trifolii, Fusarium avenaceum and Rhizoctonia solani. Most breeding efforts have been devoted to resistance to P. clandestina, but the existence of different races has confounded selection. The most economically important virus diseases in subterranean clover pastures are Subterranean clover mottle virus and Bean yellow mosaic virus, while Subterranean clover stunt virus, Subterranean clover red leaf virus (local synonym for Soybean dwarf virus), Cucumber mosaic virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus, Clover yellow vein virus, Beet western yellows virus and Bean leaf roll virus also cause losses. Genotypic differences for resistance have been found to several of these fungal, oomycete and viral pathogens, highlighting the potential to develop cultivars with improved resistance. The most important pests of subterranean clover are redlegged earth mite (RLEM) (Halotydeus destructor), blue oat mite (Penthaleus major), blue-green aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) and lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis). New cultivars have been bred with increased RLEM cotyledon resistance, but limited selection has been conducted for resistance to other pests. Screening for disease and pest resistance has largely ceased, but recent molecular biology advances in subterranean clover provide a new platform for development of future cultivars with multiple resistances to important diseases and pests. However, this can only be realised if skills in pasture plant pathology, entomology, pre-breeding and plant breeding are maintained and adequately resourced. In particular, supporting phenotypic disease and pest resistance studies and understanding their significance is critical to enable molecular technology investments achieve practical outcomes and deliver subterranean clover cultivars with sufficient pathogen and pest resistance to ensure productive pastures across southern Australia.

scholarly journals A Single Gene Cluster Controls Incompatibility and Partial Resistance to Various Melampsora larici-populina Races in Hybrid Poplars

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Lefèvre ◽  
M. C. Goué-Mourier ◽  
P. Faivre-Rampant ◽  
M. Villar
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Clonal Variation ◽  
Multiple Alleles ◽  
Hybrid Poplars ◽  
Genetic Background Effect ◽  
Trait Locus

Complete cosegregation for race-specific incompatibility with three Melampsora larici-populina rust races was observed in five F1 hybrid progenies of Populus, with different patterns among the various progenies. A single gene cluster could explain these segregations: one locus with multiple alleles or two tightly linked loci controlling complete resistance to E1 and E3, and two tightly linked loci for E2. The random amplified polymorphic DNA marker OPM03/04_480 was linked to that cluster in all families (<1 cM). This marker accounted for more than 70% of the genetic variation for field resistance in each family (heritability ≈ 0.40). The same marker accounted for up to 64% of the clonal variation for growth in the nursery under natural inoculum pressure; the weak tolerance to rust of F1 interspecific hybrids was attributed to a genetic background effect. Partial resistance was split into epidemiological components (heritability ranged from 0.35 to 0.87). Genotypic correlations among resistance traits for the different races were high (0.73 to 0.90). However, correlations among different resistance components for a single race were not all significant. A major quantitative trait locus for all components of partial resistance to E2 was associated to the cluster controlling incompatibility to E1 and E3 and marked by OPM03/04_480 (R2from 48 to 68%).

Identifying major genes and QTLs for field resistance to neck blast in rice

2008 ◽  
pp. 248-250
Author(s):  
S. Hittalmani ◽  
Srinivasachary ◽  
P. Bagali ◽  
H. E. Shashidhar
Keyword(s):  
Field Resistance ◽  
Major Genes ◽  
Neck Blast

Varietal reaction and genetic resistance of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) to subterranean clover stunt virus infection

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
NW Grylls ◽  
JW Peak
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Subterranean Clover Stunt Virus ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
The Mediterranean

Resistance to subterranean clover stunt virus was explored in 390 strains and named varieties of subterranean clover from the Mediterranean regions, England, France, the Iberian peninsula, New Zealand, and Australia. High levels of genetic resistance were shown in the Australian varieties Tallarook, Hill's Small, and Bass B. Resistance of a selected group of F2's was found to be midway between that of the parents. In selected groups of F4 generation hybrids, and in selected second and third generation backcrosses, resistance equal to that of Tallarook was shown. The apparent recovery of some plants during tests in the glass-house was shown to be a form of temporary tolerance to the virus.

NEW GENES FOR RESISTANCE TO RACES OF OAT STEM RUST

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Welsh ◽  
G. J. Green ◽  
R. I. H. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Stem Rust ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Major Genes ◽  
F Gene ◽  
E Gene ◽  
New Genes ◽  
New Gene ◽  
New Races

The inheritance in oats of reaction to some new races and to some well-known races of oat stem rust, Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. avenae Erikss. and Henn., was investigated in the crosses Jostrain × Eagle, Canuck × Cherokee, and R.L. 524.1 (Hajira × Banner) × Eagle. The resistance of the variety Jostrain to races 1, 3, 4, 13, and 13A was conferred by a single gene, here designated as the E gene in accordance with the practice of designating genes for stem rust resistance by capital letters. Canuck, a derivative of Jostrain, carries the new E gene and the previously identified B gene. The resistance of R.L. 524.1 to all races is conferred by two major genes and a modifying gene. One of the major genes acts like the well-known B gene which confers resistance to all races except 6A, 7A, 8A, and 13A. The other major gene apparently is a new gene in oats for resistance to stem rust and is here designated the F gene. The F gene confers resistance to all races but a modifying gene is required along with it for resistance to race 7.

Diseases of broad bean (Vicia faba L. major) and green pea (Pisum sativum L.) in Tasmania caused by subterranean clover red leaf virus

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Broad Bean ◽  
Leaf Roll ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Aphid Transmission ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Subterranean Clover Stunt Virus ◽  
Efficient Vector ◽  
Green Pea ◽  
Leaf Virus

A leaf-roll disease of broad bean, similar to that induced by bean leaf roll virus (BLRV) in Europe, is common in Tasmania. Subterranean clover red leaf virus (SCRLV) was transmitted to subterranean clover test seedlings by using its most efficient vector, Aulacorthum solani (Kalt.), from 84% of 204 randomly selected affected broad bean plants. The disease was reproduced in broad bean with SCRLV in controlled aphid transmission tests. Effects of infection on yield were severe, as further pod set was markedly reduced after symptoms of infection developed. There was some variation among cultivars in their response to infection. The virus occurred as commonly in green pea crops as in broad bean. In pea it caused a top yellowing, but most commercially grown pea cultivars had some tolerance. Subterranean clover stunt virus (SCSV) caused symptoms in broad bean and pea which were also similar to those induced by SCRLV. However, SCSV was rarely found infecting plants in Tasmanian pea and bean crops. BLRV, SCRLV and SCSV share many properties in common and with some other viruses.

Ion beam mutagenesis - an innovative and effective method for plant breeding and gene discovery.

2021 ◽  
pp. 411-423
Author(s):  
Tomoko Abe ◽  
Hiroyuki Ichida ◽  
Yoriko Hayashi ◽  
Ryouhei Morita ◽  
Yuki Shirakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Ion Irradiation ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Ion Beams ◽  
Mutation Induction ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
Large Deletions ◽  
Ri Beam

Abstract We have developed a unique technology for mutation induction of plants using energetic ion beams at the RI Beam Factory (RIBF) of Rikagaku Kenkyūjo (RIKEN) (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research). Ion beams effectively induce mutations at relatively low doses without severely inhibiting growth. The irradiation treatment can be given to various plant materials and mutation can be induced in a short time, between seconds and a few minutes. The linear energy transfer (LET) of ions depends on the nuclide and velocity. Since LET value affects the mutation frequency, it is an important parameter to determine the most effective irradiation condition in mutagenesis. We determined the most effective dose in each LET for mutation induction in imbibed rice seeds. Subsequently, we analysed the mutated DNA responsible for the phenotype in morphological mutants. Most of the mutations were small deletions of less than 100 bp. Irradiations of C-ions and Ne-ions are effective for plant breeding because of the very high mutation rate and sufficient energy to disrupt a single gene. On the other hand, all mutations induced by Ar-ion (290 keV/μm) irradiation were large deletions ranging from 176 bp to approximately 620 kb. The average number of mutations in the target exon regions was 7.3, 8.5 and 4.3 per M3 mutant plant in C-ions, Ne-ions and Ar-ions, respectively. The number of mutations induced by heavy-ion irradiation was relatively small. We could identify six responsible genes for eight mutants induced by C-ion and Ne-ion irradiations and two responsible genes for four mutants induced by Ar-ion irradiation. Three of these were genes not previously described.

scholarly journals Sequence of Subterranean Clover Stunt Virus DNA: Affinities with the Geminiviruses

Virology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 207 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Boevink ◽  
P.W.G. Chu ◽  
P. Keese
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover Stunt Virus

A suite of novel promoters and terminators for plant biotechnology

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra H. D. Schünmann ◽  
Danny J. Llewellyn ◽  
Brian Surin ◽  
Petra Boevink ◽  
Robert C. De Feyter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Expression Vectors ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Circular Dna ◽  
Subterranean Clover Stunt Virus ◽  
Gene Assay

The gene regulation signals from subterranean clover stunt virus (SCSV) were investigated for their expression in dicot plants. The SCSV genome has at least eight circular DNA molecules. Each circular DNA component contains a promoter element, a single open reading frame and a terminator. The promoters from seven of the segments were examined for their strength and tissue specificity in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) using a GUS reporter gene assay system. While the promoters of many of the segments were poorly expressed, promoters derived from segments 4 and 7 were shown to direct high levels of expression in various plant tissues and organs. The segment 1 promoter directs predominantly callus-specific expression and, when used to control a selectable marker gene, facilitated the transformation of all three species (tobacco, potato and cotton). From the results, a suite of plant expression vectors (pPLEX) derived from the SCSV genome were constructed and used here to produce herbicide- and insect-resistant cotton, demonstrating their utility in the expression of foreign genes in dicot crop species and their potential for use in agricultural biotechnology.

Inheritance of resistance and response of Provisia™ rice to quizalofop-p-ethyl under U.S. field conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-361
Author(s):  
Jose R. Camacho ◽  
Steve D. Linscombe ◽  
Eric P. Webster ◽  
James H. Oard
Keyword(s):  
Single Gene ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Inheritance Of Resistance ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Mendelian Segregation ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Mendelian Gene ◽  
Effective Development

AbstractProvisia™ rice was developed recently by the BASF Corporation for control of grass weeds and is complementary to existing Clearfield® technology. Our previous research showed that resistance of Provisia™ rice to the acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase herbicide quizalofop-p-ethyl (QPE) in laboratory and greenhouse environments is governed by a single dominant Mendelian gene. However, these results may not be consistent in different populations or field environments. Therefore, the first objective of the current research is to determine the inheritance of resistance to QPE in rice using different segregating populations evaluated under U.S. field environments. The second objective is to evaluate the response of QPE-resistant breeding lines to various herbicide concentrations at two U.S. locations. Chi-square tests of 12 F2 populations evaluated in Louisiana during 2014 and 2015 indicated that QPE seedling resistance at 240 g ai ha−1 was governed by a single dominant Mendelian gene with no observable maternal effects. Similar results were obtained in five F3 populations derived from the aforementioned F2 populations. Allele-specific SNP markers for QPE resistance also followed Mendelian segregation in the five F2 populations. For the second objective, six QPE-resistant inbred lines showed transient leaf injury at 1× (120 g ai ha−1) or 2× (240 g ai ha−1) field rates 7 and 21 d after treatment (DAT). However, a trend of reduced injury (recovery) from 7 through 33 DAT was observed for all breeding material. No differences in grain yield were found between untreated QPE-resistant lines and those treated with 1× or 2× QPE field rate. Single gene inheritance and good levels of QPE herbicide field resistance in different genetic populations suggest feasibility for rapid and effective development of new QPE-resistant varieties and effective stewardship of the Provisia™ technology.

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