Brown rot of stone fruits on the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas. II. Aetiology of the disease in Trevatt apricot trees

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
PF Kable
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Stone Fruits

Blossom blight is of economic importance in apricots on the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas (MIA), but fruit rot is not. Monilinia fructicola generally does not overwinter effectively in apricot trees in the MIA, the inocula for primary infections coming from nearby peach plantations. Blighted blossoms in apricot trees, which flower a week before peaches, may provide inoculum for blighting of flowers in the latter crop. In apricot trees, unlike peach, there is a continuous infection chain from flowering till harvest. Inoculum may pass from apricot to peach in December and January, thus bridging a gap in the infection chain in peach. The infection chain in apricot is described. Latent and quiescent infections were observed. The implications of the exchange of inoculum between peach and apricot are discussed.

scholarly journals First Report of Brown Rot Caused by Monilinia fructicola Affecting Peach Orchards in Slovenia

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 1166-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Munda ◽  
M. Viršček Marn
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
The European Union ◽  
First Report ◽  
Representative Isolate

Monilinia fructicola, the causal agent of brown rot, is a destructive fungal pathogen that affects mainly stone fruits (Prunoideae). It causes fruit rot, blossom wilt, twig blight, and canker formation and is common in North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand. M. fructicola is listed as a quarantine pathogen in the European Union and was absent from this region until 2001 when it was detected in France. In August 2009, mature peaches (Prunus persica cv. Royal Glory) with brown rot were found in a 5-year-old orchard in Goriška, western Slovenia. Symptoms included fruit lesions and mummified fruits. Lesions were brown, round, rapidly extending, and covered with abundant gray-to-buff conidial tufts. The pathogen was isolated in pure culture and identified based on morphological and molecular characters. Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) incubated at 25°C in darkness had an average daily growth rate of 7.7 mm. They were initially colorless and later they were light gray with black stromatal plates and dense, hazel sporogenous mycelium. Colony margins were even. Sporulation was abundant and usually developed in distinct concentric zones. Limoniform conidia, produced in branched chains, measured 10.1 to 17.7 μm (mean = 12.1 μm) × 6.2 to 8.6 μm (mean = 7.3 μm) on PDA. Germinating conidia produced single germ tubes whose mean length ranged from 251 to 415 μm. Microconidia were abundant, globose, and 3 μm in diameter. Morphological characters resembled those described for M. fructicola (1). Morphological identification was confirmed by amplifying genomic DNA of isolates with M. fructicola species-specific primers (2–4). Sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (spanning ITS1 and ITS 2 plus 5.8 rDNA) of a representative isolate was generated using primers ITS1 and ITS4 and deposited in GenBank (Accession No. GU967379). BLAST analysis of the 516-bp PCR product revealed 100% identity with several sequences deposited for M. fructicola in NCBI GenBank. Pathogenicity was tested by inoculating five mature surface-sterilized peaches with 10 μl of a conidial suspension (104 conidia ml–1) obtained from one representative isolate. Sterile distilled water was used as a control. Peaches were wounded prior to inoculation. After 5 days of incubation at room temperature and 100% relative humidity, typical brown rot symptoms developed around the inoculation point, while controls showed no symptoms. M. fructicola was reisolated from lesion margins. Peach and nectarine orchards in a 5-km radius from the outbreak site were surveyed in September 2009 and M. fructicola was confirmed on mummified fruits from seven orchards. The pathogen was not detected in orchards from other regions of the country, where only the two endemic species M. laxa and M. fructigena were present. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. fructicola associated with brown rot of stone fruits in Slovenia. References: (1) L. R. Batra. Page 106 in: World Species of Monilinia (Fungi): Their Ecology, Biosystematics and Control. J. Cramer, Berlin, 1991. (2) M.-J. Côté et al. Plant Dis. 88:1219, 2004. (3) K. J. D. Hughes et al. EPPO Bull. 30:507, 2000. (4) R. Ioos and P. Frey. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 106:373, 2000.

scholarly journals First Report of Brown Rot of Stone Fruit Caused by Monilinia fructicola in Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 668-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Pellegrino ◽  
M. L. Gullino ◽  
A. Garibaldi ◽  
D. Spadaro
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
First Report ◽  
Sequence Characterized Amplified Region

Monilinia fructicola, causal agent of brown rot, is one of the most important fungal pathogens of stone fruit. M. fructicola is a quarantined pathogen in Europe. During the summer of 2008 in 15 orchards located in Piedmont (northern Italy), 12,500 stone fruits (cherries, apricots, peaches, nectarines, and plums) were stored in cold chambers at 4 and 6°C and monitored for 8 weeks for the presence of Monilinia spp. M. fructicola was detected on 0.5% of nectarines (cvs. Sweet Red and Orion) that originated from two orchards in Lagnasco. Symptoms appeared on the fruit during storage, starting 3 weeks after harvest. Fruit rot lesions were brown, sunken, and covered with grayish tufts. The majority of infected fruit became dry and mummified. Brown rot symptoms were similar to those caused by endemic M. fructigena and M. laxa. Symptoms began with a small, circular, brown spot, and the rot spread rapidly. At the same time, numerous, small, grayish stromata developed. Finally, the whole surface of the fruit was covered by conidial tufts. Tissues were excised from diseased stone fruits and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 25 μg of streptomycin per liter. The isolates produced abundant mycelium on PDA at 20 ± 2°C. Colonies were initially gray, but after sporulation, they became hazel, showing concentric rings (sporulation is sparse in M. laxa or M. fructigena). Conidia were one-celled, ellipsoid, hyaline, 15.2 × 10.1 μm, and produced in branched monilioid chains (2). Preliminary morphological identification of fungi resembling M. fructicola was confirmed by PCR using genomic DNA extracted from the mycelia of pure cultures. The DNA was amplified with a common reverse primer and three species-specific forward primers (3) obtained from a sequence characterized amplified region and a product of 535 bp, diagnostic for the species M. fructicola, was obtained. BLAST analysis of the amplified sequence (GenBank Accession No. FI569728) showed 96% similarity to the sequence of a M. fructicola isolated from Canada (GenBank Accession No. AF506700), 15% similarity to M. laxa ATCC11790 (GenBank Accession No. AF506702), and 35% similarity to a M. fructigena sequence isolated in Italy (GenBank Accession No. AF506701). Moreover, two sequences obtained through the amplification of ribosomal region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, showing 100% similarity to the same ribosomal sequence of M. fructicola, were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. FJ411109 and FJ411110). The pathogen was detected on some mummified fruit from the same orchards in November of 2008. Pathogenicity was tested by spraying 103 conidia/ml on 10 surface-sterilized artificially wounded nectarines per strain of M. fructicola. After 5 days of incubation at 20 ± 2°C, typical, brown, rot symptoms developed on inoculated fruit. M. fructicola was reisolated from the inoculated fruit on PDA. Symptoms did not appear on control fruit. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. fructicola in Italy. Its occurrence in Europe has been reported sporadically in Austria and France, and in 2006, it was detected in Hungary and Switzerland on peaches and nectarines imported from Italy and Spain (1,4). References: (1) E. Bosshard et al. Plant Dis. 90:1554, 2006. (2) R. J. W. Byrde and H. J. Willetts. The Brown Rot Fungi of Fruit: Their Biology and Control. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977. (3) M. J. Coté et al. Plant Dis. 88:1219, 2004. (4) M. Petròczy and L. Palkovics. Plant Dis. 90:375, 2006.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on the Discharge and Germination of Ascospores by Apothecia of Monilinia fructicola

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanxue Hong ◽  
Themis J. Michailides
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Fresno County ◽  
Ascospore Germination ◽  
Daily Discharge ◽  
Germ Tubes

Naturally growing apothecia of Monilinia fructicola were collected from two commercial plum orchards near Reedley and Sanger, both in Fresno County, California. Ascospore discharges from 90 (1996) and 86 (1997) apothecia were monitored individually using spore traps at four constant temperatures. The period of discharge decreased as temperature increased from 10 to 25°C. However, daily discharge increased as temperature increased from 10 to 15°C and remained high at 20 and 25°C. The greatest discharge occurred with apothecia at 15°C, followed by those incubated at 20, 10, and 25°C. The germination of ascospores of M. fructicola and the length of germ tubes increased as temperature increased from 7 to 15°C; however, increasing temperatures above 15°C did not increase either ascospore germination or length of germ tubes. This information may help in the development of warning systems and management strategies for brown rot blossom blight of stone fruits.

scholarly journals Spatial Patterns of Brown Rot Epidemics and Development of Microsatellite Markers for Analyzing Fine-Scale Genetic Structure of Monilinia fructicola Populations Within Peach Tree Canopies

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Everhart ◽  
A. Askew ◽  
L. Seymour ◽  
T. C. Glenn ◽  
H. Scherm
Keyword(s):  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Diseased Fruit

To better understand the fine-scale spatial dynamics of brown rot disease and corresponding fungal genotypes, we analyzed three-dimensional spatial patterns of pre-harvest fruit rot caused by Monilinia fructicola in individual peach tree canopies and developed microsatellite markers for canopy-level population genetics analyses. Using a magnetic digitizer, high-resolution maps of fruit rot development in five representative trees were generated, and M. fructicola was isolated from each affected fruit. To characterize disease aggregation, nearestneighbor distances among symptomatic fruit were calculated and compared with appropriate random simulations. Within-canopy disease aggregation correlated negatively with the number of diseased fruit per tree (r = −0.827, P = 0.0009), i.e., aggregation was greatest when the number of diseased fruit was lowest. Sixteen microsatellite primers consistently amplified polymorphic regions in a geographically diverse test population of 47 M. fructicola isolates. None of the test isolates produced identical multilocus genotypes, and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 16. We are applying these markers to determine fine-scale population structure of the pathogen within and among canopies. Accepted for publication 23 May 2012. Published 23 July 2012.

Sclerotinia laxa Aderh. & Ruhl: A cause of brown rot of stone fruits not previously recorded in Australia

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Prunus Domestica ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
First Report ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus ◽  
Twig Blight

A fungus with the cultural characteristics of Sclerotinia laxa Aderh. & Ruhl. has been determined as a cause of blossom and twig blight and fruit rot of stone fruits in southern Victoria. This is the first report of a brown rot species other than S. fructicola (Wint.) Rehm. occurring in Australia. European plum (Prunus domestica) is the host most severely affected, and there is evidence that the disease has spread from this host to adjacent cherry, peach, and apricot varieties. The distribution of S. laxa appears to be restricted to the Wandin, Tyabb, and Red Hill districts of southern Victoria. S. fructicola also is a cause of blossom blight and fruit rot in these districts, and is the only brown rot fungus which causes losses of stone fruits in the major canning fruit districts of northern Victoria.

scholarly journals Fine-Scale Genetic Structure of Monilinia fructicola During Brown Rot Epidemics Within Individual Peach Tree Canopies

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Everhart ◽  
H. Scherm
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Pathogen Diversity ◽  
Tree Canopies

The purpose of this study was to determine the fine-scale genetic structure of populations of the brown rot pathogen Monilinia fructicola within individual peach tree canopies to better understand within-tree plant pathogen diversity and to complement previous work on spatiotemporal development of brown rot disease at the canopy level. Across 3 years in a total of six trees, we monitored disease development, collected isolates from every M. fructicola symptom during the course of the season, and created high-resolution three-dimensional maps of all symptom and isolate locations within individual canopies using an electromagnetic digitizer. Each canopy population (65 to 173 isolates per tree) was characterized using a set of 13 microsatellite markers and analyzed for evidence of spatial genetic autocorrelation among isolates during the epidemic phase of the disease. Results showed high genetic diversity (average uh = 0.529) and high genotypic diversity (average D = 0.928) within canopies. The percentage of unique multilocus genotypes within trees was greater for blossom blight isolates (78.2%) than for fruit rot isolates (51.3%), indicating a greater contribution of clonal reproduction during the preharvest epidemic. For fruit rot isolates, between 54.2 and 81.7% of isolates were contained in one to four dominant clonal genotypes per tree having at least 10 members. All six fruit rot populations showed positive and significant spatial genetic autocorrelation for distance classes between 0.37 and 1.48 m. Despite high levels of within-tree pathogen diversity, the contribution of locally available inoculum combined with short-distance dispersal is likely the main factor generating clonal population foci and associated spatial genetic clustering within trees.

Brown rot of stone fruits on the Murrumbidgee irrigation areas. III. Influence of weather conditions during the harvest period on disease incidence in canning peaches

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
PF Kable
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Surface Wetness ◽  
Weather Patterns

Brown rot caused severe losses on the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas in nine of 36 seasons. Slight to moderate losses were more frequent. The influence of weather on incidence of brown rot losses was examined. Losses did not occur unless there was rain when fruits were ripe. Losses never resulted from long damp periods occurring prior to the commencement of harvest. Rain causing surface wetness on ripe fruit of duration in excess of 10 hr was necessary before losses occurred. Severity of losses increased with duration of wetness, losses being most likely and most severe when the duration of surface wetness approached or exceeded 20 hr. The probability of losses increased with increasing number of long rain-induced damp periods during the harvest period. Dews appeared to have little influence on brown rot incidence. Temperatures during damp periods were generally in a range suitable for infection. The most common weather patterns associated with long rain-induced damp periods are described. Losses from fruit rot increase for some 3-5 days after the damp period causing infection, then gradually decline. Springtime brown rot infection was not a prerequisite for fruit rot.

scholarly journals Inoculum Dynamics, Fruit Infection, and Development of Brown Rot in Prune Orchards in California

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1132-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Luo ◽  
Themis J. Michailides ◽  
David P. Morgan ◽  
William H. Krueger ◽  
Richard P. Buchner
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Spore Concentration ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Artificial Fruit ◽  
Late Stages

Brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, is a destructive disease of stone fruit in California. Disease management requires information on inoculum dynamics and development of latent and visible fruit infections during the season to help make decisions on timing of fungicide treatments and choice of cultural practices. In this study, the daily spore concentration (ascospores and conidia) of M. fructicola in the air was monitored with spore traps in two prune orchards during the growing seasons in 2001 and 2002. The spore concentrations were low to moderate at early bloom, increased at full bloom, and decreased to the lowest level at the end of bloom. Improper timing of fruit thinning and irrigation in midseason increased spore concentration in the air and fruit infections late in the season. Artificial fruit inoculations were conducted periodically in 10 prune orchards in 2002 and 2004, and incidence of fruit rot at different inoculation dates was assessed. Fruit rot development rate increased linearly with inoculation date during the growing season. Natural blossom and fruit infections were monitored periodically in 10 prune orchards, and incidence of latent fruit infection was determined by using the overnight freezing-incubation technique. Incidence of fruit rot also was assessed 2 weeks before harvest in these orchards. The incidence of latent fruit infection at the pit hardening stage significantly correlated with that at the late stages and with the incidence of fruit rot at harvest.

scholarly journals Population Structure of Brown Rot Fungi on Stone Fruits in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1284-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-qiong Zhu ◽  
Xiao-yu Chen ◽  
Li-yun Guo
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Monilia Polystroma

In total, 455 Monilinia isolates from stone fruits collected from several provinces (cities) in China from 2003 to 2009 were identified to species based on morphological characteristics, molecular identification, and the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions 1 and 2 and the 5.8S gene of the ribosomal RNA. Overall, four species were detected (Monilinia fructicola, M. fructigena, M. laxa, and Monilia polystroma). M. fructicola was the most prevalent (93.0%) followed by M. fructigena (4.8%), M. laxa (2.0%), and Monilia polystroma (0.2%). M. fructicola and M. fructigena were found on peach, plum, and apricot; M. laxa was found only on apricot, cherry (in an organic orchard), and wild peach; and Monilia polystroma was found only on plum in Heilongjiang. The pathogenicity of Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa, and M. fructigena did not significantly differ on wounded nectarine and apricot, indicating that the differences in frequency of occurrence were not linked to virulence. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences showed that the isolates of M. laxa and M. fructigena from China differed from isolates of these species from other countries, and that the difference led to the separation of the isolates from China and those from other countries into different phylogenetic groups. Further study is needed to determine whether they are cryptic species.

scholarly journals Characterization of M. laxa and M. fructigena isolates from Hungary with MP-PCR

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 116-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sz. Sződi ◽  
H. Komjáti ◽  
Gy. Turóczi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Monilinia Laxa ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Population Structure Analysis ◽  
Total Genetic Diversity ◽  
Biological Methods

Monilinia laxa (Monilia laxa), Monilinia fructicola (Monilia fructicola) and Monilinia fructigena (Monilia fructigena) are the causal agents of brown rot on pome and stone fruits in Hungary. Forty-five isolates collected from different hosts, different years in several orchards were used for characterization of the M. laxa and M. fructigena population in Hungary. The isolates were identified on species level based on morphological and molecular biological methods; out of these 24 were M. laxa, 20 were M. fructigena and 1 was M. fructicola. Populations of the three Monilinia species were studied with microsatellite primers and the degree of genetic diversity within the species was measured. The population structure analysis revealed that genetic diversity within M. laxa subpopulations was H<sub>S</sub>= 0.1599, while within M. fructigena subpopulations was H<sub>S</sub>= 0.2551. The total genetic diversity was H<sub>T</sub>= 0.3846, while genetic diversity between M. laxa and M. fructigena subpopulations was D<sub>ST</sub>= 0.1771. No clustering relationship was observed among isolates by the different years or hosts.

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