Production of cervical mucus in ewes treated with exogenous progestagen and oestrogen

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Allison
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Cervical Mucus ◽  
Exogenous Oestrogen ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Cessation Of Treatment

The production of cervical mucus was measured at intervals of 6 hr about the onset of oestrus in ewes treated with exogenous progestagen administered by the intramuscular or intravaginal route. There was a quadratic pattern of production with peak values early in the oestrous period. Although there were no differences between groups in the total amount of mucus produced, levels recorded in untreated ewes were lower in the pre-oestrous period. Within the intravaginal progestagen group, those ewes which exhibited oestrus within 42 hr of sponge withdrawal produced greater quantities of cervical mucus than did animals which came into heat after this time. This relationship was not evident within the intramuscular progesterone group. It was concluded that the variable cervical mucus response observed after the cessation of treatment may contribute to the lowered fertility commonly observed following the synchronization of oestrus. The cervical mucus response to injected steroids was recorded in spayed ewes. This was a specific linear response to exogenous oestrogen. Progesterone priming resulted in higher levels of cervical secretions from 24 to 42 hr after the administration of oestradiol benzoate (ODB). Intravenous administration of ODB caused an earlier but short-lived response.

ARBORIZATION OF CERVICAL MUCUS IN THE EWE

1959 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. RAESIDE ◽  
M. F. McDONALD
Keyword(s):  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Cervical Mucus ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
First Occurrence

SUMMARY The phenomenon of crystallization (arborization) of cervical mucus was studied in the ewe. Some arborization was detected at irregular intervals in a few anoestrous and pregnant ewes, but it did not appear to be related to cyclic ovarian activity. Mucus collected during the normal oestrous cycle showed crystallization patterns from approx. 3 days before oestrus until 2 days after oestrus. Nearly all animals showed the phenomenon on the day before and on the day of oestrus. The prediction of onset of oestrus relative to the first occurrence of arborization was not accurate owing to variability in both the onset and appearance of crystallization patterns. In four cycles ovulation without heat was probably detected by the appearance of arborization in the cervical mucus. Single injections of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) were given during 115 oestrous cycles on the 3–4, 6–7 or 10–12 days after the onset of oestrus in an attempt to determine the quantities of injected oestrogen needed for arborization during the luteal phase. At these periods all, or nearly all, ewes showed arborization when injected with 100, 150 and 100 μg ODB respectively. Further differences between stages of the luteal phase were noted at the lower levels of oestrogen administration. The inhibition of crystallization patterns was noted when blood, seminal plasma and cellular debris were contaminants in cervical mucus. In view of these findings the importance of collecting uncontaminated cervical mucus is stressed. Arborization of cervical mucus appeared to be a better indicator of ovarian activity in the ewe than did arborization in mucus collected from the vagina.

Studies on ovine infertility in agricultural regions of Western Australia; Cervical mucus production by fertile and infertile ewes

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 513 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Smith
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Cervical Mucus ◽  
Mucus Production ◽  
Exogenous Oestrogen ◽  
Agricultural Regions

The production of cervical mucus by fertile and infertile ewes was examined as part of a study on ovine infertility in the agricultural regions of Western Australia. Infertile ewes produced a greater weight of mucus than did fertile ewes at both a synchronized and a natural oestrus. Following ovariectomy, however, both groups of ewes showed similar responses to exogenous oestrogen. The data indicate that the increased weight of mucus is indicative of the secretion of a thinner, more watery mucus.

EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS OESTROGEN ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH PROGESTERONE ON PREGNANCY IN THE INTACT MINK

1962 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. COCHRANE ◽  
R. M. SHACKELFORD
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Exogenous Oestrogen ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Stock Colony ◽  
Period Of Gestation

SUMMARY Daily injections of a combination of 2·4 mg. of progesterone and 24 μg. of oestradiol benzoate for 12–20 days, beginning 7 to 22 days post coitum in mink, failed to hasten ovo-implantation and increase litter size. On the contrary, it caused most of the females to be barren in comparison to similar non-treated animals in the stock colony. Daily injections of a combination of 8 mg. of progesterone and 2 μg. of oestrone for 12 days beginning four days post coitum likewise failed to hasten ovo-implantation in the mink, as shown by the length of pregnancy. This latter treatment caused a reduction rather than an increase in number of live kits at birth in the females that had litters. Daily injections of 3 μg. of oestrone for 8 days beginning 9 days post coitum caused a prolongation of the period of gestation, and presumably of the period of delay in ovo-nidation, and a reduction in number of kits alive at 7 days.

Effect of oestradiol on ovarian oxytocin secretion rate and luteolysis in the ewe after ovarian auto-transplantation

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 683 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Y. Al-Matubsi ◽  
J. Downing CSIRO ◽  
G. Jenkin ◽  
R. J. Fairclough
Keyword(s):  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Prostaglandin F2α ◽  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
Positive Stimulus ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Ovarian Vein ◽  
Jugular Veins ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Exogenous Oestrogen ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate

The release of ovarian oxytocin and uterine prostaglandin (PG)F2a in response to an oestradiol stimulus was investigated. On Day 15 post-oestrus, ten ewes with ovarian auto-transplants (n = 5 per group) received an intra-muscular injection of either oestradiol benzoate (50 µg) or vehicle. Blood samples were collected from the ovarian and jugular veins at 30 and 0 min before, and at 15-min intervals up to 540 min after, injection. The secretion rate of ovarian progesterone remained elevated in four of five treated ewes and in all control ewes, indicating the presence of a functional corpus luteum. Peripheral oestradiol concentrations were significantly (P < 0·001) higher in treated than in control ewes. The number of ewes that released pulses of ovarian oxytocin ≥240 min following oestradiol benzoate injection was signicantly (P < 0·05) greater than that in control ewes. Mean amplitude and area under both ovarian-vein oxytocin and jugular-vein 15 keto-13,14 dihydro prostaglandin F2α (PGFM) pulses were significantly increased in the treated ewes. These ndings demonstrate that the administration of exogenous oestrogen provides a positive stimulus for the release of ovarian oxytocin and uterine PGF2α in the ovarian auto-transplanted ewe.

CHARACTERISTICS OF OESTROGEN-INDUCED REFRACTORINESS IN OVINE CERVICAL SECRETION

1981 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-314
Author(s):  
N. R. ADAMS
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Cervical Mucus ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Cervical Secretion

Ovariectomized ewes treated with oestradiol benzoate (OB) had a reduced cervical mucus response to subsequent treatment with OB. This refractory effect was observed 48 h after a single dose of OB, but could be postponed until 72 h by a second dose of OB at 24 h. This postponement did not occur in animals which were recovering from previously induced refractoriness. Less mucus was recovered from refractory ewes, and it had an increased proportion of dry matter and normal Spinnbarkeit. Pretreatment of ewes with 10 mg progesterone for 10 days decreased the proportion of dry matter and increased the Spinnbarkeit of mucus collected after stimulation with OB. This change was different from that produced by increasing the dose of OB. Progesterone given to ewes after 10 days treatment with OB had a detectable effect on cervical mucus, but it did not specifically decrease refractoriness. The cervix provides a convenient site for studying oestrogen-induced refractoriness in the ewe, without possible confusion by any effects of progesterone.

EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE AND OESTROGEN ON PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC MORTALITY IN ADULT MICE FOLLOWING SUPEROVULATION TREATMENT

1960 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUTH E. FOWLER ◽  
R. G. EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Foetal Mortality ◽  
Exogenous Oestrogen ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Endogenous Oestrogen

SUMMARY The effects of exogenous oestrogen and progesterone on implantation and foetal mortality were studied in mice following induced superovulation with gonadotrophins. Short-term treatment with progesterone during early pregnancy did not influence implantation or foetal mortality, but 2 mg daily from days 2 to 12 reduced the number of embryos that implanted and increased foetal mortality after implantation. These effects of progesterone were more severe when few embryos were implanted. Oestradiol benzoate (OB), given after mating, reduced fertility by decreasing the proportion of mice with implanted embryos, causing cornification of the vagina in many mice during pregnancy. Administration of progesterone with OB did not alleviate these effects. Administration of OB before superovulation, or lengthening the interval between the injections of PMS and HCG in order to extend the period of uterine stimulation by endogenous oestrogen, interfered with ovulation in some mice. Approx. one-quarter of the mice given oestrogen had cornified vaginal smears during early pregnancy. Both treatments decreased the numbers of mice with implanted embryos.

Reproduction in the gilt 3. The effect of exogenous oestrogen on the attainment of puberty and subsequent reproductive performance

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Hughes ◽  
D. J. A. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Ethyl Oleate ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Large White ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Exogenous Oestrogen ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Visual Testing

ABSTRACTTen Landrace × (Landrace × Large White) young female pigs were allocated to each of four treatments. The experiment was arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial design, the variables being oestradiol benzoate v. ethyl oleate and boar v. visual testing. The oestradiol benzoate (or ethyl oleate) was administered at 140 days of age, the treatment consisting of six injections, over a 3-day period, of 0·5 ml of either ethyl oleate or a solution of 0·4 mg/ml β-oestradiol-3-benzoate in ethyl oleate. Subsequently the gilts were either inspected visually each day or taken to a vasectomized boar for oestrus detection. All gilts were mated at the second oestrous period, and slaughtered on the 20th day of gestation. Those gilts receiving exogenous oestrogen attained puberty significantly earlier (P<0·01) than the control gilts. Of the 20 gilts treated with oestrogen, 12 (60%) attained puberty within 5 days of the start of treatment. No significant difference was found between boar testing and visual testing, although receptivity to mating appeared to be lower for visually tested gilts. There are no significant differences between treatments in ovulation rate, conception rate or embryo survival.

THE EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE AND OESTROGEN ON ARBORIZATION OF CERVICAL MUCUS IN THE SPAYED EWE

1959 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. McDONALD ◽  
J. I. RAESIDE
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Cervical Mucus ◽  
Seasonal Effect ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Consistent Response

SUMMARY Three series of experiments were conducted with ovariectomized Romney ewes to determine the requirements of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) for oestrus, characteristic vaginal smear changes, and crystallization (arborization) of cervical mucus, when preceded by 3 days of progesterone treatment (10 mg/day). The respective values for ED50 of ODB (in μg) for oestrus, vaginal smear changes and arborization of cervical mucus, with the associated 95% fiducial limits, were 26·5–23·4–20·9, 15·4–13·2–11·8 and 12·2–7·0–5·2. In the second series of experiments, conducted during November and December, the oestrous response was negligible. During the experimental period February to May, when the first and third series of trials were performed, a greater and more consistent response was noted. The possibility of a seasonal effect in the spayed ewe is discussed. The use of vaginal smears and arborization of cervical mucus in quantitative studies with progesterone and oestrogen was considered. Comparison of cervical mucus and vaginal smears collected from ewes treated with a dose of 10 μg ODB showed more distinctive changes in the cervical mucus and easier classification of a response to oestrogen. The difficulty of collecting a satisfactory sample of cervical mucus is discussed.

THE CORPUS LUTEUM-HYPOPHYSIS RELATIONSHIP.

1965 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving Rothchild
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Progesterone Secretion ◽  
Discontinuation Of Treatment ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Cessation Of Treatment

ABSTRACT The effect of LH on the corpora lutea of adult hypophysectomized rats bearing autotransplanted hypophyses was studied. Treatment with LH or with control solutions was begun two weeks after operation, and continued for 10 or 24 days. The effect on luteal size was determined mainly from the weights of the corpora, while the effect on the maintenance of progesterone secretion was determined from the response of the vagina and uterus to 3 injections of oestradiol benzoate (EB) of 50 μg each. Ten days of LH treatment induced a significant reduction in the size of the corpora and the degree of progesterone secretion. FSH had the opposite effect; boiling LH destroyed the effect. The degree of luteolysis was directly related to the dose of LH. Luteolysis was not due to discontinuation of treatment, since it occurred to the same extent, regardless of whether the rats were observed 9 days after cessation of treatment, or were continuously treated for 24 days and autopsied on the day after the last treatment. The corpora of both control and LH-treated rats tested with EB were larger than those of equivalent rats not tested with EB. The specificity of the effect, and its possible mechanism and relationship to naturally occurring luteolysis were discussed.

THE ROLE OF OESTROGENS IN SPONTANEOUS OVULATION: EVIDENCE FOR POSITIVE OESTROGEN FEEDBACK IN THE 4-DAY OESTROUS CYCLE

1970 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. LABHSETWAR
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate

SUMMARY A possible involvement of oestrogens in regulating the ovulatory release of luteinizing hormone (LH) has been explored by using an oestrogenantagonist, clomiphene. When given orally in the afternoon on the day before pro-oestrus to rats with a 4-day cycle, the compound prevented ovulation on the morning of oestrus. This was not associated with interference with vaginal cornification, uterine ballooning or mating. Similarly, clomiphene prevented ovulation in hamsters when given at a corresponding stage of the cycle. In adult rats ovulation could be fully restored by the intravenous administration of LH or LH releasing factor at 14.00 hr. on the day of pro-oestrus. Oestradiol benzoate given simultaneously with clomiphene on the day before pro-oestrus or the stimulus provided by mating on the night of pro-oestrus were also effective in this respect. It is implicit in these findings that clomiphene interferes with ovulation by virtue of its anti-oestrogenicity. This indicates that a positive feedback of oestrogen is an integral part of the chain of events culminating in the ovulatory release of LH in the reproductive cycle.

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