Formaldehyde treatment of concentrate diets for sheep. III.* Absorption of amino acids from the small intestine

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
True Protein ◽  
The Individual

The effects of formaldehyde treatment of barley/soybean meal diets on the flow of amino acids to the small intestine, their release and absorption there, and their levels in jugular plasma were studied at four protein levels in fistulated crossbred sheep. There were substantial losses of amino acids during passage through the stomach at the highest protein level which were prevented by formaldehyde treatment; the net gains of amino acids observed with the lower protein diets were enhanced by treatment. There were no statistically significant effects of treatment on the proportions of the individual amino acids apparently absorbed in the small intestine, but a tendency for the values to decrease for the highest protein diet suggested that this diet was overtreated. This was confirmed by calculation of the true digestibilities in the small intestine: the true digestibility of true protein in the small intestine was 0.74 for the treated high protein diet and 0.81 for all the other diets. Of the individual amino acids, only lysine was adversely affected by treatment; however, despite reduced intakes, the net absorption of lysine was equal to or greater than that achieved with the untreated diets at all but the lowest protein level. Formaldehyde treatment was associated with substantial increases in the concentration of ε-N-methyl-lysine in plasma. As the amount of protein absorbed from the small intestine increased to about 110 g/day, the concentrations in plasma of the amino acids normally present in protein declined to a minimum or remained steady; thereafter, except for lysine, the concentrations increased. ____________________ *Part II, Aust. J. Agric. Res. 28: 1069 (1977).

Effects of formaldehyde treatment of casein and peanut meal supplements on amino acids in digesta and plasma of lambs and sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
The Individual

The passage of amino acids into the duodenum and the levels of amino acids in jugular plasma were studied (a) in lambs given a supplement of casein with or without formaldehyde treatment, and (b) in sheep given concentrate diets containing treated or untreated peanut meal at both a low and a high level of dietary protein. When casein in the diet was treated with formaldehyde, losses of individual amino acids due to degradation in the rumen were substantially reduced or prevented so that the amounts reaching the small intestine were substantially increased. This increase in supply of amino acids, which was associated with an increase in the rate of liveweight gain, caused an increase in the plasma levels of most amino acids. However, lysine levels tended to fall, and this resulted in marked reductions in the molar proportion of lysine. When sheep were given formaldehyde-treated peanut meal, the amounts of the individual amino acids reaching the small intestine were greater than when untreated peanut meal was given. When the meal in the higher protein diet was treated, the losses due to degradation were again largely prevented. As amino acid supply to the small intestine increased, the plasma levels of most of the individual amino acids decreased to a minimum and then increased when supply exceeded demand. The molar proportion of lysine decreased when peanut meal in the higher protein diet was treated. An increase in plasma s-N-methyllysine level was characteristic of formaldehyde treatment of dietary protein. Changes in arginine levels tended to be inversely related to changes in total amino acid levels.

Digestion by sheep of concentrate diets containing formaldehyde-treated peanut meal

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 859 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Protein Diets

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of peanut meal on the digestion of barley-peanut meal diets was studied in fistulated crossbred sheep at two peanut meal and therefore dietary protein levels. There were no differences either between protein levels or due to treatment in the overall digestion of organic matter, but more of this digestion took place in the stomach when the low protein diets were given. Dietary starch was completely digested. There was no effect of protein level or of formaldehyde treatment on the partition of starch digestion between the stomach and the intestines. About 10% of the dietary nitrogen disappeared from the stomach when the high protein diet containing untreated peanut meal was given; treatment resulted in a small net gain of nitrogen in the stomach. There was a net gain of nitrogen in the stomach when the low protein diets were given, the gain tending to be greater when the peanut meal was treated. When the meal was treated, there was a small but not significant increase (c. 2%) for the low protein diet and a substantial increase (c. 31 %) for the high protein diet in the amount of crude protein digested in the intestines per unit of digestible organic matter intake. Changes observed in the composition and flow of digesta and in plasma urea and cc-amino nitrogen levels are discussed in relation to the digestion of organic matter and protein.

THE EFFECT OF DIETARY FAT AND PROTEIN LEVELS UPON THYROID ACTIVITY IN THE CHICK

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. March ◽  
Jacob Biely
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Fat Diets

The effects on thyroid activity of dietary protein level and of dietary fat level were studied. Diets containing 18 and 26% of protein were fed with and without 8% of supplementary fat. Thyroid weights and thyroidal uptake of I131 of chicks fed the diets were determined. The chicks fed the higher dietary protein level had consistently greater thyroid weights. The effect of supplementary fat on thyroid weight was variable. Total thyroidal uptake of I131 in chicks fed the fat-supplemented diets was greater when the diets contained 26% of protein. With the low-fat diets, protein level did not significantly affect uptake of I131. Supplementary fat decreased I131 uptake in chicks fed the low-protein diet and increased I131 uptake in chicks fed the high-protein diet. Thus, although it is evident that diet affects thyroid activity, conclusions regarding the effect of diet will depend upon the parameter used as a measure of thyroid activity.

scholarly journals Replacing protein supplements in barley-based diets for growing pigs with free lysine and methionine

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-253
Author(s):  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Lower Protein

Protein metabolism and utilization, and performance were examined in pigs kept on diets with two protein levels, 15 and 17 % crude protein(cp), and supplementation with free L-lysine and DL-methionine. In the 5 x 5 Latin square balance trial, 15 and 17 % cp diets were fed with and without supplementation with 2 g lysine/kg feed and one 15cp diet with both lysine and 0.7 g methionine. The diets had 120 and 136 g DCP/FU, lysine 7.8, 9.4 and 11.0g/kg and sulphur amino acids 4.4, 5.0 and 5.1 g/kg. Nitrogen retention was 13 % higher on the 17 % cp diet than on the 15 % cp diet (P > 0.05). The lysine supplementation improved N retention by 4.3 % on the 15 % cp diet and supplementation with the two amino acids improved it by 2.5 % (P > 0.05 %). Urinary urea excretion on the 17 % cp diet was 17—12 %higher than on unsupplemented 15 % cp diet, and on the diets with amino acid supplementation it was 7—8 % lower (P < 0.05) than on the diets without. In the first feeding trial with 500 pigs, the higher-protein diet gave 7.4 % better daily gains. The diet with 15 % cp supplemented with lysine gave only 2.3 % better gains than the basal 15 % cp diet. The difference in feed conversion efficiency (FCE) between protein levels was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The second feeding trial was a comparison of 17 % and 15 % cp diets in which the lysine and sulphur amino acid levels had been equalized by supplementing the 15 % cp diet with lysine and methionine. The pigs were fed on a grower diet with 18 % cp to 50kg live weight and afterwards the experimental diets were fed separately to the gilts and castrates. The pigs grew similarly on the two diets, 783 vs. 780 g daily. The FCE was better on the lower-protein diet and lower in the gilts then the castrates. The gilts gave better carcase quality than the castrates and the lower-protein diet tended to give better carcase quality. The rather poor response to supplemental free amino acids in the present study seems to indicate limitation of inadequate supply of other amino acid.

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of peanut meal in concentrate diets on the performance of calves

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
HL Davies
Keyword(s):  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Four groups of eight Friesian bull calves were given concentrate diets containing untreated or formaldehyde-treated peanut meal at two protein levels. The effect of protein level and of formaldehyde treatment was studied in terms of liveweight gain, food conversion, digestibility of the diet, and the levels of urea, glucose, and α-amino nitrogen in blood plasma. The calves were given the diets for 14 weeks from 6 weeks of age. The calves given the higher protein diets grew significantly faster and required significantly less food per unit of gain than did the calves given the lower protein diets. Formaldehyde treatment of the peanut meal in the higher protein diet had no effect on these variables. Small improvements in these variables in response to treatment of the meal in the lower protein diet were not statistically significant. Treatment was associated with reductions in nitrogen digestibility and plasma urea levels. The digestibility of dry matter and of organic matter and plasma levels of glucose and α-amino nitrogen were not affected by the treatment.

The performance of calves given concentrate diets treated with formaldehyde

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
HL Davies
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Protein Diets

Five groups of Friesian bull calves were given concentrate diets containing 70 % barley in which low (12 %), medium (15 %), and high (19%) protein levels were obtained by varying the amount of peanut meal included. The effects of protein level and of formaldehyde treatment of the complete diet at the low and medium protein levels were studied in terms of liveweight gain, voluntary food consumption, digestibility of the diet, ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid, and urea and a-amino nitrogen in blood plasma. Observations were begun when the calves reached 70 kg liveweight and continued until they reached 130 kg liveweight. The calves given the low protein diets grew more slowly than those given the higher protein diets. The calves given the high protein diet grew no better than those given the medium protein diets. Formaldehyde treatment was associated with an increase in the rate of liveweight gain of 9% (P = 0.11) at the low protein level but had practically no effect at the medium protein level. The treatment did not adversely affect voluntary food consumption but was associated with decreases in the digestibility of nitrogen and in rumen ammonia levels and small increases in plasma urea levels.

scholarly journals Performance of Broilers Fed Low Protein Diets with Lysine and Methionine Supplements

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Nancy Montilla ◽  
◽  
Lolito Bestil ◽  
Sulpecio Bantugan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Acid Supplementation ◽  
Low Protein

A feeding trial with broilers was conducted to evaluate the effects of amino acids (lysine and methionine) supplementation of diets low in protein content on the voluntary intake, feed conversion efficiency, broiler performance, and cost and return of broiler production. Results showed cumulative voluntary feed intake was not significantly affected by lowering the protein content of the diet. Cumulative weight gain of broilers was lower with diet when supplemented iwht lysine and methionine to meet requirements. Birds fed with diets low in protein has less efficient feed converstion, but became comparable with those receiveing diets high in protein when supplemented with amino acids. Feed cost per kilogram broiler produced was not significantly affected by diets used in the study, although the low-protien diet with amino acid supplement had the lowest values. In terms of return above feed and chick cost, broilers fed with high-protein diet had the greatest value, but not significantly different from birds fed with low-protien diet with amino acid supplementation which gave about P10 per bird higher returns than those fed low-protein diet without amino acid supplementation.

scholarly journals Selection for growth on normal and reduced protein diets in mice: I. Direct and correlated responses for growth

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Vivi Hunnicke Nielsen ◽  
Søren Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Correlated Response ◽  
Family Selection ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Selection Environment ◽  
Normal Protein Diet ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Protein Diets

SummaryMice were selected for growth from 3 to 9 weeks of age on a normal protein diet (N) containing 19·3% protein and a reduced protein diet (R) containing 5·1% protein. On each diet there were 3 high (H), 3 low (L) and 3 unselected control (C) lines. After 6 generations of selection, half of the mice in each line were tested on each diet. Responses were obtained when selecting for both increased and decreased growth on both diets. The realized heritabilities from within-family selection were 33 and 26% for the divergences on the normal and reduced protein diets, respectively. Consistent genotype-environment interactions were found when all lines were tested on both diets in generation 7. Performance on each protein level was best improved by selection on that protein level. Further, the correlated response was significantly less than the direct response when selecting on both diets. The estimates of the genetic correlation between growth on the two protein levels were low, rN = 0·16 from selection on the normal protein diet and rR = 0·51 from selection on the reduced protein diet. Selection resulted in a change in environmental sensitivity in the lines, dependent on the diet and direction of selection. The average of the divergences on the two diets was not dependent on the selection environment.

Age-related differential catabolism in the snail, Viviparus georgianus, and its significance in the bioenergetics of sexual dimorphism

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Aldridge ◽  
W. D. Russell-Hunter ◽  
Daniel E. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Carbon Intake ◽  
Viviparus Georgianus

Catabolic partitioning of carbon and nitrogen was investigated to clarify the sexual dimorphism of bioenergetics in Viviparus georgianus. Experiments involved summer stocks of 3-, 15-, 27-, and 39-month-old male and female snails grazing on an artificial high protein diet and, for 15-month snails only, comparison tests using a lower protein diet. Per snail ingestion and partitioning rates and growth are generally maximal for 15-month snails and decline with age in both sexes. In each age group, females have lower rates for weight-specific ingestion of protein carbon and nonprotein carbon than males. For protein carbon, females also show lower rates of catabolism. Compensation for the lower protein diet is more marked in females, which increase total carbon intake by 58% and reduce catabolic use of protein carbon by 40% (against a male reduction of 25%). When discussing evolutionary problems in terms of actuarial bioenergetics, quantification of both physiological rates and ecological efficiencies can be of value in a broadly adaptational approach.

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