Fungal and enzymic degradation of alkaloids from the capsule of the poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Hofman ◽  
RC Menary
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fungal Spore ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Acetone Powder ◽  
Alkaloid Production ◽  
Causal Factors

The ability of fungi parasitic on Papaver somniferum L. capsules, and capsule enzymes to degrade morphine, codeine, and thebaine was studied, with the aim of determining the causal factors involved in alkaloid losses from the mature capsule during rainy periods. When whole, mature capsules were inoculated with fungal spore suspensions and incubated for 21 days, Alternuria alternutu decreased dry matter and morphine yields by 12 and 48% respectively. Ernbellisia sp. caused a 30% decrease in morphine yield, but Dendryphion penicillatum and Cladosporiurn cladosporioides had no effect. Codeine and thebaine yields were not affected. Acetone powder extracts showed that mature capsule enzymes caused morphine and thebaine losses in the order of 10 and 50%, but only in the presence of p-cresol, a substrate for polyphenoloxidase. These findings, indicating the ability of fungi and enzymes to cause alkaloid losses from mature capsules during moist periods, are discussed with regard to commercial alkaloid production.

Growth, Opium Gum Yield, and Photoperiod Response in Five Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 481d-481
Author(s):  
Z. Wang ◽  
M.C. Acock ◽  
B. Acock
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Positive Correlations

To develop models for estimating growth, flowering time and gum yield of opium poppy, we compared variability among five cultivars (T, L, B1, B2, B3) from different latitudes in three Southeast Asian countries. Variability in the relationships between gum yield, capsule volume, and dry weight was also examined. Plants were grown in six growth chambers at a 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, or 16-h photoperiod (PP) with a 12-h 25/20 °C thermoperiod. The main capsule was lanced for opium gum at 10, 13, and 16 d after flowering (DAF). Plants were harvested at 21 DAF and separated into leaves, stems, and capsules. Flowering time for B2 was affected least by PP and B1 the most. Flowering times for B3, L, and T were similar across the range of PPs. All cultivars showed a significant increase in flowering time from 14 to 13 h PP. Cultivars that flowered late (such as B1) had greater biomass than those that flowered earlier. However, cultivars that flowered earlier (such as L) had more dry matter partitioned into capsule than late-flowering ones. B2, B3, and L had the highest gum yields while B1 had the lowest. Positive correlations were found between gum dry weight and capsule volume (or dry weight) for T and L, but no correlations were observed between these variables for B1, B2, and B3. Our results indicated that plant dry weight varied as much as 77% and flowering time varied up to 40% even though the critical photoperiod was the same for all cultivars. The ratio of gum yield to capsule dry weight were significantly different between B1 and T.

scholarly journals Alkaloid Production in Tissue Cultures of Papaver somniferum L. cv. Office-95

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esin Akçam Oluk
Keyword(s):  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Alkaloid Content ◽  
Alkaloid Production ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Alkaloid Synthesis ◽  
Callus Tissues

The capacity of alkaloid synthesis was examined in embryogenic callus tissues of Turkish opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L cv. office-95. Eight months old cultures grown in hormone-free MS were examined for alkaloid content. They were found to produce codeine at a level of 1.2 x 10-2, the baine 2.5 x 10-3, noscapine 2.2 x 10-3, morphine 1.6 x 10-3 and papaverine 5.2 x 10-4 % FW.Key words: Papaver somniferum, Embryogenic callus, AlkaloidsDOI = 10.3329/ptcb.v16i1.1098Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 16(1): 1-4, 2006 (June)

The effect of time of harvest on the yield components of poppies (Papaver somniferum L.)

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
North West ◽  
Morphine Concentration ◽  
Commercial Harvest ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Time Of Harvest

SUMMARYIn a field experiment in the north-west region of Tasmania, poppies (Papaver somniferum L.) were harvested at weekly intervals beginning 10 days after full bloom and continuing until 4 weeks after the dry commercial harvest stage. At each harvest the plants were cut off at ground level and partitioned into terminal capsules, lateral capsules, seed and the combined stem plus leaf component.The dry-matter yield of total plant and of all the components except seed achieved maximum values 2–3 weeks after full bloom and then progressively declined. For the total plant this decrease between maximum dry weight and that at the time of commercial harvest (8 weeks after full bloom) amounted to 26% while for terminal capsules it was 37% for lateral capsules 15% and for stem plus leaves 39%. In contrast, the dry-matter yield of total seed rose to a maximum by 4 weeks after full bloom and then remained constant for the duration of the experiment.The morphine concentration of both terminal and lateral capsules reached a maximum value of 1·1% 6 weeks after full bloom and then decreased by about 10% at the dry harvest stage. The morphine concentration of stem and leaves also reached a maximum of 0·1% about the same time as capsules but decreased rapidly and had halved by dry commercial harvest. The mutually compensating factors of decreasing dry-matter yield and increasing morphine concentration gave similar total plant morphine yields at any time of harvest from 2 to 7 weeks after full bloom. The morphine extracted from the whole plant at these times of harvest was about 50% greater than that derived from capsules alone at the time of dry commercial harvest.

The effect of application of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth of opium poppy in north central India

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Yadav ◽  
R. Mohan ◽  
R. Singh ◽  
R. K. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Central India ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
N Application ◽  
Area Index ◽  
North Central

SummaryIn a 2-year field study conducted at Lucknow (26·5° N, 80·5° E and 120 m altitude), plant height, leaf area index, dry-matter accumulation and N uptake of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) followed a sigmoid path. After attaining a peak of accumulation at 120 days, dry matter declined in plots given N fertilizer but remained static in the control. N application (50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) increased the opium, seed and morphine yields compared with the control. Morphine concentration (%) in the opium, however, increased up to 100 kg N/ha and decreased when N doses exceeded that level. Divided application of N, i.e. half at sowing and remainder at the stem elongation stage, proved beneficial for opium, seed and morphine yields.

scholarly journals Variations in Flowering, Vegetative Growth, and Dry Matter Partitioning Induced by Photoperiod and Temperature Treatments in Papaver somniferum

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 887F-888
Author(s):  
Mary C. Acock ◽  
Zhongchun Wang ◽  
Basil Acock
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Days To Flowering ◽  
Positive Linear Function

Estimating yields of illicit narcotic crops requires knowledge of how climate, soil, and geography affect these crops. One method for estimating yields is to create databases from which to develop simulation models. This experiment is part of one of those databases, designed to determine if flowering time can be affected in young poppy seedlings by manipulating photoperiod (PP) and temperature. Plants were grown in chambers under a 12-, 13-, 14-, or 24-h PP and a 12-h thermoperiod of 25/20C. Plants at 10 or 20 days after emergence were transferred to separate chambers and treated for 48 h with either a) 10C and a 12-h PP or b) a 24-h PP and a 12-h thermoperiod of 25/20C. Days to flowering (DTF) decreased with increased PP, especially between 12 and 13 h. The 48-h PP interruption decreased DTF for PPs <24 h for both seedling ages, the effect being more pronounced for 10 d and for the 12-h PP. The 48-h 10C interruption had no effect on DTF. The poppy capsule, from which the gum is harvested, was a larger proportion of the shoot biomass under PPs >14 h, but capsule biomass was a positive linear function of DTF. DTF depends on PP and biomass at flowering depends on DTF.

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