scholarly journals The Interaction of Light and Temperature in Determining the Growth Rate of Subterranean Clover (Trifolium Subterraneum l.)

1955 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 330 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Vegetative Stage ◽  
Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Pot Culture

An experiment is described in which the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in the early vegetative stage was measured over 52 consecutive weekly periods. To eliminate possible trends of growth rates with age, plants of comparable morphological stage were used for each period. The variety Bacchus Marsh was grown in pot culture in the open at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia.

Defoliation as a factor in the growth of varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L) when grown in pure and mixed swards

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Energy ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

This paper describes two experiments analysing the recovery from defoliation of subterranean clover varieties grown in swards in large seed boxes at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide. The first experiment examined the way in which the six common commercial varieties recovered from a single severe defoliation, and showed that under these conditions they can be placed in three groups: Yarloop and Clare are tall, high-yielding varieties with few, large leaves, recovering slowly from defoliation; Tallarook and Dwalganup are prostrate varieties, lower-yielding, with many small leaves, recovering rapidly after defoliation; Bacchus Marsh and Mount Barker are intermediate in all respects. In the second experiment mixed swards of equal numbers of Yarloop and Tallarook plants were grown under three treatments: A, no defoliation; B, defoliated twice at a height which removed the higher Yarloop canopy but left the lower Tallarook plants untouched; C, defoliated twice at a height which removed the canopies of both varieties. Measurement of dry weight on four occasions after each defoliation showed that in the undefoliated treatment, all Tallarook plants died by the end of the experiment. In the defoliated treatments, the removal of the Yarloop canopy resulted in only a temporary improvement in the illuniination in which the Tallarook plants grew, and their dry weight and plant numbers progressively declined. Dry weight changes in the Tallarook component were shown to be dependent on the light energy available to it, which was in turn determined by the light-absorbing capacity of the superior Yarloop canopy. In mixed swards, the ability of Yarloop to re-establish quickly a leaf canopy above that of Tallarook appeared to explain its success when defoliated.

A new Thripid (Thysanoptera) from South Australia

1931 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy D. Morison
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
South Australia ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Imperial Institute ◽  
Small Collection ◽  
Research Institute

I am indebted to the Imperial Institute of Entomology and to Mr. F. Laing, of the British Museum, for submitting to me for classification a small collection of Thysanoptera from the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia. All measurements in this paper are in μ.

An evaluation of lucerne lines at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, South Australia

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (42) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Leach
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Plant Trials

One hundred and ten lines of lucerne from regions with Mediterranean and temperate climates have been grown in three spaced-plant trials. The collection represented a wide range of morphological variation from erect to prostrate types, and included wild creeping lucernes. Seasonal growth was compared with or without summer irrigation. Plants were cut or grazed at the frequency usually recommended for lucerne or twice as often. No line consistently yielded more total dry matter than the Australian cultivar, Hunter River, but some from the Mediterranean region yielded more in winter. Persistence was poor in the winter active Mediterranean lines, but good in Hunter River. Frequent cutting decreased persistence, and a six-month period of heavy and continuous grazing eliminated nearly all plants from most lines. Wild, spreading plants from the Mediterranean region showed the best persistence, and persisted well even under the continuous grazing, but their yields were very low. Lines from Spain and Portugal showed sufficient promise to become new cultivars, and they are under further test. Other lines have potential value when breeding for improved seasonal yield or persistence.

The early vegetative growth of three strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in relation to size of seed

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Early Production

Three strains of subterranean clover (Bacchus Marsh, Clare, and Mount Barker) were grown in pot culture at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute; for each strain, seed of four widely separated sizes mere sown. Dry weight a t any one time in the early vegetative stage was linearly related to embryo weight, but was independent of strain. Hence differences in early growth noted under uniform environmental conditions between strains are the result not of differing relative growth rates, but of differences in the size distribution within the seed populations; evidence is presented suggesting that there may well be little difference in the size distribution of seed of Bacchus Marsh and Mt. Barker, but that Clare contains a higher proportion of large seed, and thus as a strain would be expected to give greater early production. Leaf area per plant was also linearly related to embryo weight but independent of strain; but for a common embryo weight, Clare was found to have fewer leaves than the other two strains. Examination of the areas of successive leaves showed that the maintenance of similar total leaf areas depended on a balance of rate of leaf production and size of individual leaves; in relation to Bacchus Marsh and Mt. Barker, Clare has fewer but large1 leaves.

Establishment of wheat in relation to apparent density of the surface soil

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Millington
Keyword(s):  
Apparent Density ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Structural Deterioration ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Poor Soil ◽  
Made In

Measurements were made of wheat establishment and of the apparent density of surface soil on a number of rotation plots at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute. The red-brown earth of the site is common to a large part of the wheat belt of South Australia; this soil shows marked structural deterioration under a variety of cropping systems. Observations made in 1954, 1955, and 1956 provided data on the interaction between the apparent density of the surface soil and the rainfall following seeding, in relation to the establishment of wheat. The apparent density of the surface soil of all rotations varied from season to season and was higher during wetter seasons. Within each season, apparent density was higher on closer rotations and least where wheat was sown direct onto ploughed pasture. Establishment was reduced both by high rainfall and by high apparent density; the latter varied with both rotation pretreatment and current rainfall. It is believed that poor soil aeration resulted either directly or indirectly in reduction in wheat establishment.

New Thysanoptera from South Australia

1930 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-454
Author(s):  
Guy D. Morison
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
South Australia ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Imperial Institute ◽  
Small Collection ◽  
Research Institute

I am indebted to the Imperial Institute of Entomology and to Mr. F. Laing, of the British Museum, for submitting to me for classification a small collection of Thysanoptera from Dr. J. Davidson, of the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia. The specimens reached me well preserved in alcohol, in tubes each labelled “S. Australia, Adelaide, month-1929, Dr. J. Davidson, from lucerne, rose-bushes, etc.” All measurements in this paper are in μ.

The role of time of emergence in determining the growth of individual plants in swards of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 628 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black ◽  
GN Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Final Yield

An experiment was carried out which enabled a separate assessment to be made of the influence of, firstly, pre-emergence growth rate, and secondly, the competitive environment at emergence on the subsequent growth of individual plants of subterranean clover. Swards of the Bacchus Marsh variety were grown in large seed boxes at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide. Four different sowing treatments were applied whereby the sowing of alternate plants in a checkerboard grid was delayed by 0, 2, 4, and 8 days. Emergence date and final dry weight were recorded individually for each plant in the experimental swards. There was considerable overlap in emergence times between the earlier and the later-sown plants. Consequently by a comparison of the separate regressions for earlier and later-sown plants of yield per plant on day of emergence for each treatment, it could be demonstrated that plants with very different pre-emergence growth rates but emerging on the same day in the same sward, and hence into the same competitive environment, gave essentially the same subsequent growth. In other words, in the absence of differential competitive effects, there was no detectable influence of pre-emergence growth rate on subsequent growth. On the other hand, the final dry weights of individual plants were very strongly related to day of emergence. A delay in emergence of 5 days brought about a reduction in final yield of about 50%, and a delay of 8 or 9 days of at least 75%. In view of the negligible influence of pre-emergence growth rate, per se, this reduction is attributable solely to the increased severity of competition from plants already emerged. In spite of the wide variation in emergence patterns, the total yields of all swards were very similar, indicating an almost complete compensation between plants in the utilization of available growth factors.

Trends in wheat yields and soil organic carbon in the Permanent Rotation Trial at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, South Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Grace ◽  
JM Oades ◽  
H Keith ◽  
TW Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Permanent Rotation ◽  
Research Institute

The Permanent Rotation Trial at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute in South Australia was established on a red-brown earth in 1925, with predominately cereal-long fallow rotations on 34 adjacent plots. The trial was upgraded in 1948 to include a greater proportion of pasture leys in the rotations and currently contains 11 treatments. The trial is unreplicated; however, each phase of a sequence is represented each year. Seven of the original rotations have remained in an unbroken sequence since 1925: continuous wheat (W), wheat-fallow (WF), wheat-peas (WPe), wheat-pasture-fallow (WPaF), wheatoats- fallow (WOF), wheat-barley-peas (WBPe), wheat-oats-pasture-fallow (WOPaF). For the 11 rotations, soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top 10 cm declined from 2.75% in 1925 to a mean value of 1.56% in 1993. One plot, which had reverted to permanent pasture in 1950, showed the smallest decline with an SOC content of 2.46% in 1993. The greatest declines in SOC were in the 4 original rotations that included fallow phases in the sequence (mean value of 1.22%). In the WF rotation the SOC content had declined from 2.75 to 1.04% during 68 years of cropping. Associated yield decreases showed that the treatment could not sustain production. Soil organic C declined linearly with increasing frequency of fallows and decreasing frequency of pasture in the rotations. Average grain yields (1925-93) in the 7 original sequences ranged from 2.64 t/ha in WOPaF to 0.89 t/ha in the continuous W plot. The linear decline in yields for WBPe, WPaF, WPe, and WOF treatments indicate a convergence in the 1990s under current management, with an average yield of 1.54 t/ha in 1993 and average SOC in the top 10 cm of 1.32%. We hypothesise that the gradual increase in grain yields from the continuous W plot since the 1960s is the result of a gradual build-up of light fraction organic material, which assists in the maintainence of structure and nutrient availability.

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