Biogeography of Caladenia (Orchidaceae), with special reference to the South-west Australian Floristic Region

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Phillips ◽  
Gary Backhouse ◽  
Andrew P. Brown ◽  
Stephen D. Hopper
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
The South ◽  
South West ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Acting In Concert ◽  
The Western Pacific ◽  
Eleven Species

Caladenia contains 376 species and subspecies, of which almost all are endemic to temperate and southern semiarid Australia. Eleven species occur in New Zealand, 10 of which are endemic, and one species is widely distributed in eastern Australia and the western Pacific. Only three species occur in both south-western and south-eastern Australia. At subgeneric level, Drakonorchis is endemic to the South-west Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR), Stegostyla to eastern Australia and New Zealand, whereas three subgenera, Calonema, Phlebochilus and Elevatae occur on both sides of the Nullarbor Plain. Subgenus Caladenia is primarily eastern Australian but also extends to the western Pacific. The largest subgenera (Calonema and Phlebochilus) have radiated extensively, with Calonema exhibiting a greater concentration of species in more mesic parts of the SWAFR than Phlebochilus. Within the SWAFR, the major biogeographic division within Caladenia follows the 600-mm isohyet. Within rainfall zones, biogeographic districts for Caladenia correlate with a combination of underlying geology and surface soils. Areas of high endemism contain diverse edaphic environments. Climatic and edaphic requirements are likely to be key drivers of rarity in Caladenia, although these parameters may be acting in concert with mycorrhizal and pollinator specificity.

scholarly journals Oxygenated volatile organic carbon in the western Pacific convective center: ocean cycling, air–sea gas exchange and atmospheric transport

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 10837-10854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathleen Schlundt ◽  
Susann Tegtmeier ◽  
Sinikka T. Lennartz ◽  
Astrid Bracher ◽  
Wee Cheah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
The Western Pacific

Abstract. A suite of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs – acetaldehyde, acetone, propanal, butanal and butanone) were measured concurrently in the surface water and atmosphere of the South China Sea and Sulu Sea in November 2011. A strong correlation was observed between all OVOC concentrations in the surface seawater along the entire cruise track, except for acetaldehyde, suggesting similar sources and sinks in the surface ocean. Additionally, several phytoplankton groups, such as haptophytes or pelagophytes, were also correlated to all OVOCs, indicating that phytoplankton may be an important source of marine OVOCs in the South China and Sulu seas. Humic- and protein-like fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) components seemed to be additional precursors for butanone and acetaldehyde. The measurement-inferred OVOC fluxes generally showed an uptake of atmospheric OVOCs by the ocean for all gases, except for butanal. A few important exceptions were found along the Borneo coast, where OVOC fluxes from the ocean to the atmosphere were inferred. The atmospheric OVOC mixing ratios over the northern coast of Borneo were relatively high compared with literature values, suggesting that this coastal region is a local hotspot for atmospheric OVOCs. The calculated amount of OVOCs entrained into the ocean seemed to be an important source of OVOCs to the surface ocean. When the fluxes were out of the ocean, marine OVOCs were found to be enough to control the locally measured OVOC distribution in the atmosphere. Based on our model calculations, at least 0.4 ppb of marine-derived acetone and butanone can reach the upper troposphere, where they may have an important influence on hydrogen oxide radical formation over the western Pacific Ocean.

scholarly journals Preparedness is Essential for Western Pacific Islands During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Yujie Mei ◽  
Jijia Hu
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Western Pacific Region ◽  
Dense Population ◽  
First Report ◽  
First Case ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Western Pacific

ABSTRACT Objectives: To clarify the pandemic status in Western Pacific countries or territories. Methods: The WHO’s daily situation reports of COVID-19 were reviewed from January 20, 2020, to March 24, 2020. Changes in the infections, deaths, and the case fatality rate (CFR) in Western Pacific countries or territories were counted. Results: As of March 24, a total of 17 countries or territories had reported the presence of COVID-19 in the Western Pacific Region, 96,580 people have been infected and a total of 3502 deaths. Fifty-three percent (9/17) of these countries or territories had their first case within 2 wk since the WHO’s first report, most are China’s neighbors with a large and dense population. No other country or territory in this region reported a new infection from January 30 to February 28. However, 8 (47.0%) countries or territories have reported the first cases in 3 wk since February 28, almost all are islands. Many countries maintained a small number of infections for a long time after the first report, but a rapid increase occurred later. Deaths occurred in 8 countries with a total CFR of 3.63%, and the CFR varies widely, from 0.39% (Singapore) to 7.14% (Philippines). Conclusions: The regional spread of COVID-19 urgently requires an aggressive preparedness for the Western Pacific Islands.

Sapindaceae and the biogeography of eastern Australia

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Turner
Keyword(s):  
New Guinea ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Dispersal Pattern ◽  
The West ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Cape York ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Dispersal Events ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Western Pacific

The biogeographic relations within eastern Australia and of this region to surrounding areas in New Guinea, West Malesia and the western Pacific are analysed using eight monophyletic groups of Sapindaceae. The results show that areas within eastern Australia are related (Cape York (Atherton Plateau + South East Queensland)), confirming similar results obtained by revious authors. The relationship between eastern Australia and surrounding areas is shown to be complex, involving both vicariance and dispersal events. There are at least two patterns connecting Australia to the West Pacific: an old vicariance (or dispersal) pattern involving the eastern end of the Inner Melanesian Arc and a more recent dispersal pattern via New Guinea involving the Outer Melanesian Arc. West Malesia is also probably connected to eastern Australia by numerous dispersal events via New Guinea. At least two patterns relate eastern Australia to New Guinea: an old vicariance pattern and a younger dispersal pattern from New Guinea back to Australia. These results are compared briefly with those obtained in earlier studies.

scholarly journals Winter-to-Spring Transition in East Asia: A Planetary-Scale Perspective of the South China Spring Rain Onset

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 3081-3096 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. LinHo ◽  
Xianglei Huang ◽  
Ngar-Cheung Lau
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
Stationary Wave ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Monsoon Circulation ◽  
Jet Stream ◽  
The South ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
The Western Pacific

Abstract Analysis of observations from 1979 to 2002 shows that the seasonal transition from winter to spring in East Asia is marked with a distinctive event—the onset of the south China spring rain (SCSR). In late February, the reduced thermal contrast between ocean and land leads to weakening of the Asian winter monsoon as well as the Siberian high and the Aleutian low. Meanwhile, convection over Australia and the western Pacific Maritime Continent is suppressed on the passage of the dry phase of a Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). In conjunction with the seasonal march of monsoon circulation in the Indonesian–Australian sector, this MJO passage weakens the local thermally direct cell in the East Asia–Australia sector. This development is further accompanied by a series of adjustments in both the tropics and midlatitudes. These changes include attenuation of the planetary stationary wave, considerable weakening of the westerly jet stream over much of the central Pacific adjacent to Japan, and reduction of baroclinicity near the East Asian trough. The influence of concurrent local processes in midlatitudes on the SCSR onset is also important. The weakened jet stream is associated with confinement of frontal activities to the coastal regions of East Asia as well as with rapid expansion of the subtropical Pacific high from the eastern Pacific to the western Pacific. A parallel analysis using output from an experiment with a GFDL-coupled GCM shows that the above sequence of circulation changes is well simulated in that model.

Galaxias maculatus: An explanation of its biogeography

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Berra ◽  
LELM Crowley ◽  
W Ivantsoff ◽  
PA Fuerst
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
South American ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Galaxias Maculatus ◽  
Break Up ◽  
The Western Pacific

Galaxias maculatus is a small diadromous fish found in Australia, New Zealand, South America and on some oceanic islands. Two hypotheses have been advanced to explain this widespread, disjunct distribution. McDowall promoted dispersal through the sea of salt-tolerant juveniles but Rosen and others claimed that the distribution reflected the break-up of Gondwana and subsequent drift of the southern continents. Allozyrne electrophoresis of muscle extracts of specimens of Galaxias maculatus from eastern and western Australia, New Zealand and Chile was used to test the hypothesis that populations of G. maculatus from the western Pacific and the eastern Pacific do not differ genetically. FST based on allele frequencies and genotypes was 0.14, suggesting only minor differentiation between eastern and western Pacific populations. Minor differentiation in allele frequency existed at some loci, but no fixation of alternative alleles has occurred. The populations examined appear to be part of the same gene pool, indicating that gene flow via dispersal through the sea occurs today. It is unlikely that South American and Australasian populations would be conspecific if they have exchanged no migrants since the break-up of Gondwana at the end of the Mesozoic.

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