Nature and distribution of rain-forests in New South Wales

Rain-forest has a discontinuous distribution along the coast and adjoining ranges of New South Wales, extending to altitudes of over 4000 ft. Four major subformations can be recognized, along with two other structural forms which may deserve subformation status. The subformations have been defined as tropical, subtropical, temperate, and dry rain-forest. Six floristic alliances and their associations are briefly described. For the widespread development of rain-forest an annual rainfall exceeding 60 in. is required, though rain-forest is found under much lower rainfalls in places favoured by the soil or topography. The Hernicyclia alliance (dry rain-forest) is found in areas showing a distinctly seasonal rainfall distribution, while the Nothofagus alliance (temperate rain-forest) requires cold and very moist conditions. The Castanospermum alliance occurs along creek banks, usually away from the main rain-forest patches, and the Cupaniopsis alliance is found close to the coast, apparently requiring wind-borne supplies of moisture and mineral nutrients for its development. The Argyrodendron (tropical) and Ceratopetalum (subtropical) alliances occur under similar climatic conditions in the north, but with the Ceratopetalum alliance restricted by competition to the less fertile soils. In the south of the State, where climatic sifting has removed many tropical rain-forest species, the Ceratopetalum alliance occurs on the richer soils. The discontinuity of the rain-forest distribution has been brought about by past climatic changes. Human influence has always restricted rain-forest spread, and since European settlement the area of rain-forest in New South Wales has been reduced by about half.

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Sheep production on the north coast of New South Wales. 2. A feasibility study of prime lamb production

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9800025 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 20 (102) ◽

pp. 25

Author(s):

RDH Cohen

Keyword(s):

New South ◽

New South Wales ◽

Live Weight ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

North Coast ◽

The North ◽

South Wales ◽

Short Period ◽

The Mean ◽

Sheep Production

Lamb production was studied in an experiment that ran for four years, 1968 to 1972, at Grafton, New South Wales, in a region where no commercial sheep are grown. Merino and Dorset Horn x Merino ewes stocked at 15 ewes ha-1 were mated in spring to Border Leicester rams and the lambs sold for slaughter in October. The mean number of lambs born per 100 ewes mated was 81.7 for crossbred ewes and 48.4 for Merino ewes (P< 0.05) and the mean carcase weights of the lambs were 14.8 kg and 12.7 kg, respectively (P< 0.01). The mean weight of fleeces cut from Merino ewes (3.24 kg) was greater (P< 0.01) than that from crossbred ewes (2.58 kg). The ewes were treated with anthelmintics either every four weeks or according to climatic conditions. There were no significant differences between the anthelmintic treatments for lamb liveweights at birth, weaning or slaughter; carcase weight; ewe fleece weight; or mortality rate. Treatment every four weeks increased ewe live weight during only one short period from August 1971 to February 1972 (P< 0.05). Data from this experiment compared favourably with survey data for the high rainfall zone in Australia and it was concluded that prime lamb production on the north coast of New South Wales is biologically feasible.

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Studies on the Yellow-Footed Rock-Wallaby, Petrogale xanthopus Gray (Marsupialia : Macropodidae) I. Distribution in South Australia

Wildlife Research ◽

10.1071/wr9830047 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 47 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

PB Copley

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

New South ◽

New South Wales ◽

South Australia ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

European Settlement ◽

Introduced Herbivores ◽

Flinders Ranges ◽

South Wales

Petrogale xanthopus still occurs over most of its former range in South Australia. It is widespread in the Flinders Ranges, where almost 200 colonies are now known, and is locally common in areas of both the Rinders Ranges and Olary Hills. Six colonies are currently known in the western Gawler Ranges with an outlying population on Carriewerloo Station only 50 km west of Port Augusta. Seven colonies have been found in the Olary Hills, to the north and north-west of Olary. The species has suffered a major decline in abundance since European settlement, having become extinct locally throughout this range. Hunting for skins, competition with introduced herbivores for food and shelter, and predation by foxes seem to be the main reasons for this decline. However, it is still not possible to say whether the species currently has a decreasing population and is at risk, is in equilibrium, or is increasing. Information published in this paper and current studies in South Australia and New South Wales should soon determine this.

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Status of introduced parasites of Queensland fruit fly (Strumeta tryoni), 1960–1962

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9640586 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 586 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

GJ Snowball ◽

RG Lukins

Keyword(s):

Climatic Factors ◽

New South ◽

New South Wales ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Averrhoa Carambola ◽

The North ◽

Lord Howe Island ◽

South Wales ◽

Eastern Australia

The paper describes fruit sampling carried out in eastern Australia during January 1960–March 1962 to assess the status of parasites of the oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis) liberated in Australia during 1956–1959 against the Queensland fruit fly (Strumeta tryoni). Opius oophilus was the only introduced parasite extant on the mainland in 1962, parasitizing up to 78% of the host fly stages in Averrhoa carambola in north Queensland and 0–35% in other fruit types. O. oophilus was well established in north Queensland at five localities near Cairns and two near Innisfail, and less well established at three localities near the Queensland–New South Wales border. It had died out during 1960 from two localities further south in New South Wales in which it had been well established since late 1958. O. oophilus was present on Lord Howe Island from October 1959 to March 1961 but died out subsequently. O. longicaudatus was extant in low numbers on the island in 1962. Under Australian conditions Opius oophilus mated satisfactorily. The parasite was able to utilize as hosts fruit flies of the following species: Strumeta barringtoniae, S. cacuminata, S. humeralis, S. tryoni, and possibly Afrodacus jarvisi and S. kraussi, but preferences could not be measured with available techniques. Although it was reared from a total of 14 types of fruits, O. oophilus displayed marked discrimination between fruits, but the preferences varied with season and locality. The most consistent preference was for Averrhoa carambola in north Queensland. O. oophilus showed no preference for operating in the more highly infested fruits of any of the six fruit types tested. The maximum dispersal recorded of a population of O. oophilus from a liberation site was 5 miles, 46 months after establishment. A review of climatic factors indicated that winter temperatures of 60°F or less were unfavourable to the persistence of O. oophilus. The presence of O. oophilus was not associated with a reduction in the degree of infestation of fruits. It is suggested that this is contributed to in the north, where climatic conditions for the parasites are favourable, ,by the presence of abundant fruits which are infested by Dacinae but not favoured by the parasite.

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An interpretation of the soil formations found on Basalt in the Richmond-Tweed region of New South Wales

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9510411 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 411 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

EG Hallsworth

Keyword(s):

New South ◽

General Pattern ◽

New South Wales ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

North Coast ◽

The North ◽

South Wales ◽

Late Tertiary ◽

Basaltic Soils ◽

Different Soils

Investigations of the basaltic soils of the north coast of New South Wales suggest that the different soils developed are due mainly to differential leaching under the influence of the present climatic conditions. The district falls naturally into three areas, a less leached area of chernozem and chocolate soils, a highly leached area of krasnozems, and a narrow transition belt between the two. At a few localities in the transition and chernozem / chocolate areas, krasnozems are found in positions where they would not be expected from the general pattern. These appear to be fossil in character and to have originated by weathering of earlier basalt flows during mid to late Tertiary time.

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Seed production and seedling emergence of Giant Parramatta grass on the north coast of New South Wales

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9960299 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 299 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

TS Andrews ◽

RDB Whalley ◽

CE Jones

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Seed Bank ◽

New South ◽

New South Wales ◽

Seed Banks ◽

North Coast ◽

The North ◽

South Wales ◽

Seed Fall ◽

The Impact

Inputs and losses from Giant Parramatta grass [GPG, Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. major (Buse) Baaijens] soil seed banks were quantified on the North Coast of New South Wales. Monthly potential seed production and actual seed fall was estimated at Valla during 1991-92. Total potential production was >668 000 seeds/m2 for the season, while seed fall was >146000 seeds/m2. Seed fall >10000 seeds/m2.month was recorded from January until May, with further seed falls recorded in June and July. The impact of seed production on seed banks was assessed by estimating seed banks in the seed production quadrats before and after seed fall. Seed banks in 4 of the 6 sites decreased in year 2, although seed numbers at 1 damp site increased markedly. Defoliation from mid-December until February, April or June prevented seed production, reducing seed banks by 34% over 7 months. Seed banks in undefoliated plots increased by 3300 seeds/m2, although seed fall was estimated at >114 000 seeds/m2. Emergence of GPG seedlings from artificially established and naturally occurring, persistent seed banks was recorded for 3 years from bare and vegetated treatment plots. Sown seeds showed high levels of innate dormancy and only 4% of seeds emerged when sown immediately after collection. Longer storage of seeds after collection resulted in more seedlings emerging. Estimates of persistent seed banks ranged from 1650 to about 21260 seeds/m2. Most seedlings emerged in spring or autumn and this was correlated with rainfall but not with ambient temperatures. Rates of seed bank decline in both bare and vegetated treatment plots was estimated by fitting exponential decay curves to seed bank estimates. Assuming no further seed inputs, it was estimated that it would take about 3 and 5 years, respectively, for seed banks to decline to 150 seeds/m2 in bare and vegetated treatments.

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RACE RELATIONS ON THE NORTH COAST OF NEW SOUTH WALES

Oceania ◽

10.1002/j.1834-4461.1957.tb00204.x ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 190-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Malcolm J. C. Calley

Keyword(s):

Race Relations ◽

New South ◽

New South Wales ◽

North Coast ◽

The North ◽

South Wales

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Soil and vegetation response to thinning White Cypress Pine (Callitris glaucophylla) on the North Western Slopes of New South Wales, Australia

Plant and Soil ◽

10.1007/s11104-006-9011-9 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 285 (1-2) ◽

pp. 245-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

M. T. McHenry ◽

B. R. Wilson ◽

J. M. Lemon ◽

D. E. Donnelly ◽

I. G. Growns

Keyword(s):

New South ◽

New South Wales ◽

Vegetation Response ◽

The North ◽

South Wales ◽

Callitris Glaucophylla ◽

North Western ◽

Cypress Pine

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2. On a New Species of Manna, from New South Wales.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ◽

10.1017/s0370164600036567 ◽

1851 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 239-240

Author(s):

Thomas Anderson

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

New South ◽

New South Wales ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

South Wales ◽

Chemical Constitution ◽

A New Species

About thirty years ago a species of manna, obtained from the Eucalyptus Mannifera, was brought from New South Wales, and was examined by Dr Thomas Thomson, and afterwards by Professor Johnston, both of whom ascertained it to contain a new species of sugar, different from the mannite which exists in ordinary manna. The author had, through the kindness of Mr Sheriff Cay, an opportunity of examining a very different species of manna, remarkable both from its chemical constitution, and from its possessing a definitely organised structure. This substance was discovered by Mr Robert Cay in 1844, in the interior of Australia Felix, to the north and north-west of Melbourne, where it occurs at certain seasons on the leaves of the Mallee plant, Eucalyptus Dumosa, and is known to the natives by the name of Lerp.

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