CONSERVACIÓN DE PULPA DE CARAMBOLA (Averrhoa Carambola) CON APLICACIÓN DE MÉTODOS DE FACTORES COMBINADOS

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la estabilidad físico-química, sensorial y microbiológica durante el almacenamiento a temperatura ambiente de pulpa de carambola. Se han realizado estudios de aplicación de la tecnología de factores combinados en la conservación de pulpa de carambola, para que puedan ser empleados como materia prima para la obtención de productos finales como jalea, mermelada, jugo, helado, paleta congelada, néctar y dulces o postres de sobremesa. Se ha empleado la acción de diversos factores debarreras: reducción de la aw, preservante (SK) y pasteurización (89°Cx15 segundos y 80°C x 5 minutos). Los factores de estudio fueron la pasteurización, la relación de concentración de pulpa/concentración de soluto (CP/CS; 1/½ y 1/1/4) como depresor de aw se ha utilizado azúcar refinado grado alimentario y el sorbato depotasio SK (0,2% y 0,4%). Se ha mantenido el pH de la pulpa de carambola en equilibrio y se ha considerado como el tratamiento óptimo, aquel que mantiene inalterable el color característico de la pulpa de carambola (amarillo anaranjado) durante el tratamiento y un tiempo de vida útil de 60 días aproximadamente en condiciones normales de temperatura y empacados en envases de plástico con tapa. La evoluciónde sólidos solubles, pH y acidez no mostraron diferencias significativas ( =0.05) durante los 60 días de almacenamiento. El crecimiento microbiano reporta valores de diferencias no significativas con respecto al tiempo de almacenamiento. Desde el punto de vista sensorial y como una característica fundamental de calidad, el color de la pulpa de carambola denota variación notable del color natural a partir de los 45 días de almacenamiento, siendo esta característica la que orienta el tiempo de vida útil de esta pulpa.

EVALUACIÓN DE ESPECIES DE MOSCAS DE LA FRUTA Y SUS HOSPEDEROS EN LA ZONA DE SATIPO

Las plantas hospederas de mosca de la fruta fueron evaluados de los fundos de la zona de Satipo, en campo y laboratorio. Los resultados muestran que los cítricos están infestadas por Anastrepha fraterculus; mientras que los frutales nativos con otras especies de Anastrepha, como son A. striata, A. leptozona, y A. distincta. Se ha encontrado un díptero amarillo en el caimito que no pertenece a los tephritidae. Se tiene 19 frutales distintos hospederas, siendo los cítricos C. reticulata x C. aurantifolia, Citrus limettioides, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus reticulata, Citrus reshni, Citrus sinensis, C. reticulata x C. sinensis, C. reticulata x C. paradisi; y los frutales nativos y exóticos, Chrysophillum caimito, Averrhoa carambola, Spondias sp., Psidium guajaba, Manguifera indica, Inga edulis Mart, Anacardiaceae y Matisia cordata. El uvo de monte, guayaba y caimito sufren un daño de entre 83 Y 100%. El zapote y pacae muestran daños de entre 66 a 53%. El mango y carambola muestran daños de 31 a 26%. En los cítricos, la naranja Washington muestra los niveles más altos de infestación con 45%,; las mandarinas entre 27 y 32%, las naranjas entre 14 y 22%, los híbridos entre 20 y 22%, los portainjertos entre 26 y 27%. Las pérdidas económicas provinciales del 14% por moscas de la fruta sólo en naranja Valencia se estima en U.S.$ 2,025,000,00. Palabras clave: Anastrepha, fraterculus, striata, cítricos, Satipo,

Genome-wide identification and expression profile of YABBY genes in Averrhoa carambola

Background Members of the plant-specific YABBY gene family are thought to play an important role in the development of leaf, flower, and fruit. The YABBY genes have been characterized and regarded as vital contributors to fruit development in Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato, in contrast to that in the important tropical economic fruit star fruit (Averrhoa carambola), even though its genome is available. Methods In the present study, a total of eight YABBY family genes (named from AcYABBY1 to AcYABBY8) were identified from the genome of star fruit, and their phylogenetic relationships, functional domains and motif compositions, physicochemical properties, chromosome locations, gene structures, protomer elements, collinear analysis, selective pressure, and expression profiles were further analyzed. Results Eight AcYABBY genes (AcYABBYs) were clustered into five clades and were distributed on five chromosomes, and all of them had undergone negative selection. Tandem and fragment duplications rather than WGD contributed to YABBY gene number in the star fruit. Expression profiles of AcYABBYs from different organs and developmental stages of fleshy fruit indicated that AcYABBY4 may play a specific role in regulating fruit size. These results emphasize the need for further studies on the functions of AcYABBYs in fruit development.

Nefrotoxicidade e Neurotoxicidade Associadas ao Consumo da Averrhoa bilimbi e Averrhoa carambola: Uma Revisão Integrativa / Nephrotoxicity and Neurotoxicity associated with the Consumption of Averrhoa bilimbi and Averrhoa carambola: An Integrative Review

Resumo: As espécies Averrhoa bilimbi (birí-birí) e Averrhoa carambola (carambola) pertencem à família das Oxalidaceae, o fruto que é cultivado em vários países da América do Sul. Estas frutas são habitualmente consumidas pela população, seja na forma de sucos, geléias, doces e conservas. O grande problema é que seus consumos exagerados podem causar efeitos tóxicos que são desconhecidos pela população em geral, necessitando assim de maiores conhecimentos sobre a toxicidade destas plantas. Assim a presente pesquisa trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura onde; após analisar os descritores em sites de busca na internet e aplicar os critérios de inclusão e exclusão pré-estabelecidos, foram selecionados um total de 14 artigos. Todos os artigos selecionados contemplavam de informações sobre a nefrotoxicidade dos frutos desencadeadas pela presença de sais de oxalato; bem como descreveram a neurotoxicidade na carambola desencadeada pela presença da caramboxina. Assim, observa-se a necessidade do conhecimento sobre os respectivos efeitos tóxicos dessas frutas e do conhecimento etnobotânico atribuído ao profissional farmacêutico que propaga informações sobre o uso racional da fitoterapia.Palavras-chave: Averrhoa bilimbi. Averrhoa carambola. Nefrotoxicidade. Neurotoxicidade. Abstract: The species Averrhoa bilimbi (biri biri) and Averrhoa carambola (star fruit) belong to the Oxalidaceae Family, the fruit is cultivated in several South American countries. These fruits are usually consumed by the population, whether in the form of juices, jellies, candy or preserve. The big problem is that the excessive consumption can cause toxic effects that are unknown by the general population, being necessary better knowledge about the toxicity of these plants. Thus, this research is about the integrative literature revision where; after analyzing the descriptors on websites and apply the pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 14 articles were selected. All selected articles contemplated the information about the nephrotoxicity of the fruits trigged by the presence of oxalate salt; as well as described the neurotoxicity of the star fruit trigged by the presence of caramboxin. In that way, there is a need for knowledge about these respective toxic effects of these fruits and for ethnobotanical knowledge assigned to the pharmacist that spreads information about the rational use of herbal medicine. Keywords: Averrhoa bilimbi. Averrhoa carambola. Nephrotoxicity. Neurotoxicity.

Diversity of mistletoes and their distribution in Dramaga Campus, West Java, Indonesia

Mistletoes are flowering plants in the Santalales order that parasitize the branches of trees and shrubs. The objective of this research was to reveal the diversity of mistletoe species and record their distribution within this study site. The study site was Dramaga Campus (240 ha), which consisted of a mosaic of tree plantation, experimental fields, buildings, and a housing complex. Field research was conducted in February-March 2021 by censusing all mistletoes, their distribution, and plant species parasitized by the mistletoes. There were 351 individual mistletoes found, consisted of 5 species: Dendrophthtoepentandra (55.2%), Viscum ovalifolium (32.3%), Scurrula atropurpurea (9.1%), Macrosolen chochinchinensis (2.8%), and Viscum articulatum (0.6%). These mistletoes were found mostly on branches or twigs (99.1%) and few on trunks (0.9%) of 49 tree species (25 families) having an average height of 14.9±4.2m, and diameter 34.11± 22.22cm. Tree species frequently parasitized were Falcataria moluccana (32.8%), followed by Samanea saman (12.5%), and Averrhoa carambola (7.7%). Most mistletoes were found in the open area (99.1%), including on trees between/among buildings and along roads/streets, mainly on the south and southeast part of the campus. The mistletoe attacked in this research location was included in the low category (79.4%).

Modulation of hemostasis by inhibiting enzymes with the extract of Averrhoa carambola leaves

Herbal medicines represent an advantageous alternative for the prevention and treatment of several diseases when compared to allopathic medicines. Averrhoa carambola (Oxalidaceae) is a plant rich in phenolic compounds and popularly known for its medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic. Different enzymes of the human organism participate in physiological processes which involve hemostasis, inflammation, and formation of new tissue. These enzymes are highlighted as pharmaceutical targets for the treatment of numerous pathologies. The present work evaluated the aqueous and ethanolic extracts from A. carambola leaves on phospholipase, hemolytic, caseinolytic, thrombolytic, coagulant, and fibrinogenolytic activities induced by phospholipases A2 and proteases. Phenolic compounds and total flavonoids were quantified in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Averrhoa carambola. These extracts were evaluated, in vitro, on phospholipase, proteolytic, hemolytic, thrombolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities induced by snake venoms. The results confirm the pharmacological potential of A. carambola since the extracts were able to modulate all evaluated activities related to hemostasis through inhibitions or potentiation of the enzymatic activities (phospholipases A2 and proteases). The constituents of A. carambola may act interfering in processes such as coagulation, thrombus dissolution, and fibrinogenolysis.

Mast Cell Stabilizing, Antianaphylactic and Bronchodilatory activity of Methanolic extract of Averrhoa carambola Fruit

This work was mainly aimed to study the mast cell stabilizing, anti-anaphylactic and bronchodilatory activities of methanolic extract of Averrhoa carambola (ACME). Mast cell stabilization activity was investigated by Compound 48/80 induced mast cell degranulation in rats and antianaphylactic activity was performed by determining the mortality rate of mice upon exposure to compound 48/80. The bronchodilatory effect of ACME was studied on histamine aerosol-induced bronchospasm using guinea pigs, in which occurrence of preconvulsive dyspnea (PCD) was noted as end point. Treatment with ACME (100, 200 and 400mg/kg) showed significant (p<0.05) protection of rat peritoneal mast cells and significantly (p<0.05) reduced the mortality of mice in a dose dependent manner. ACME significantly (p<0.05) increased the time of preconvulsive dyspnea (PCD) in a dose dependent manner that suggestive of bronchodilating activity. Phytochemical studies observed presence of saponins, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids and glycosides. From these finding, we concluded that ACME possesses mast cell stabilizing; anti anaphylactic and bronchodilatory activity which might be used in treatment of asthma.