Status of introduced parasites of Queensland fruit fly (Strumeta tryoni), 1960–1962

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 586 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Snowball ◽  
RG Lukins
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Averrhoa Carambola ◽  
The North ◽  
Lord Howe Island ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia

The paper describes fruit sampling carried out in eastern Australia during January 1960–March 1962 to assess the status of parasites of the oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis) liberated in Australia during 1956–1959 against the Queensland fruit fly (Strumeta tryoni). Opius oophilus was the only introduced parasite extant on the mainland in 1962, parasitizing up to 78% of the host fly stages in Averrhoa carambola in north Queensland and 0–35% in other fruit types. O. oophilus was well established in north Queensland at five localities near Cairns and two near Innisfail, and less well established at three localities near the Queensland–New South Wales border. It had died out during 1960 from two localities further south in New South Wales in which it had been well established since late 1958. O. oophilus was present on Lord Howe Island from October 1959 to March 1961 but died out subsequently. O. longicaudatus was extant in low numbers on the island in 1962. Under Australian conditions Opius oophilus mated satisfactorily. The parasite was able to utilize as hosts fruit flies of the following species: Strumeta barringtoniae, S. cacuminata, S. humeralis, S. tryoni, and possibly Afrodacus jarvisi and S. kraussi, but preferences could not be measured with available techniques. Although it was reared from a total of 14 types of fruits, O. oophilus displayed marked discrimination between fruits, but the preferences varied with season and locality. The most consistent preference was for Averrhoa carambola in north Queensland. O. oophilus showed no preference for operating in the more highly infested fruits of any of the six fruit types tested. The maximum dispersal recorded of a population of O. oophilus from a liberation site was 5 miles, 46 months after establishment. A review of climatic factors indicated that winter temperatures of 60°F or less were unfavourable to the persistence of O. oophilus. The presence of O. oophilus was not associated with a reduction in the degree of infestation of fruits. It is suggested that this is contributed to in the north, where climatic conditions for the parasites are favourable, ,by the presence of abundant fruits which are infested by Dacinae but not favoured by the parasite.

Sheep production on the north coast of New South Wales. 2. A feasibility study of prime lamb production

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (102) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
RDH Cohen
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sheep Production

Lamb production was studied in an experiment that ran for four years, 1968 to 1972, at Grafton, New South Wales, in a region where no commercial sheep are grown. Merino and Dorset Horn x Merino ewes stocked at 15 ewes ha-1 were mated in spring to Border Leicester rams and the lambs sold for slaughter in October. The mean number of lambs born per 100 ewes mated was 81.7 for crossbred ewes and 48.4 for Merino ewes (P< 0.05) and the mean carcase weights of the lambs were 14.8 kg and 12.7 kg, respectively (P< 0.01). The mean weight of fleeces cut from Merino ewes (3.24 kg) was greater (P< 0.01) than that from crossbred ewes (2.58 kg). The ewes were treated with anthelmintics either every four weeks or according to climatic conditions. There were no significant differences between the anthelmintic treatments for lamb liveweights at birth, weaning or slaughter; carcase weight; ewe fleece weight; or mortality rate. Treatment every four weeks increased ewe live weight during only one short period from August 1971 to February 1972 (P< 0.05). Data from this experiment compared favourably with survey data for the high rainfall zone in Australia and it was concluded that prime lamb production on the north coast of New South Wales is biologically feasible.

The utilization of parasites of oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis) against Queensland fruit fly (Strumeta tryoni)

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Snowball ◽  
F Wilson ◽  
TG Campbell ◽  
RG Lukins
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Oriental Fruit Fly ◽  
Dacus Dorsalis ◽  
Lord Howe Island ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Fruit Samples

In 1950, a programme was initiated to utilize against the Queensland fruit fly (Strumeta tryoni) parasites which were introduced during 1948–1950 into Hawaii, where they produced a considerable reduction in the incidence of oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis). The present paper describes the work carried out under this programme up to October 1959. During 1951–1957 the emphasis was on rearing, at Sydney, on Queensland fruit fly, stocks of Opius longicaudatus and O. oophilus from small stocks imported from Hawaii. It was found that O. oophilus, O. vandenboschi, and O. longicaudatus could parasitize Queensland fruit fly in the laboratory, and that O. longicaudatus could parasitize the Solanum fruit fly, Strumeta cacuminata, which occurs widely in the distribution area of the Queensland fruit fly and hence might act as a valuable alternative host for the parasites. Liberations were made at Coffs Harbour and Sydney in New South Wales in 1956–1957 of 21 000 O. longicaudatus and 1 700 O. oophilus, but establishment was apparently not achieved. The programme was changed in 1957 to provide for larger releases over n much wider area. In view of production difficulties at Sydney, a field station was set up in Hawaii to rear parasites, which were shipped to Australia by air, checked in quarantine at Sydney, and despatched to various parts of Australia for liberation. Between March 1958 and October 1959 the following numbers of foreign parasites were liberated: O. oophilus, 229 200; O. vandenboschi, 28 100; O. longicaudatus and closely related species, 198 700; O. incisi, 27 100; Dirhinus giffardii, 2 500; Tetrastichus giffardianus, 2 500; and Syntomosphyrum indicum, 3 200. The liberations in 1958–1959 were made at 25 locations in New South Wales, 59 in Queensland, 12 in Western Australia, and 6 on Lord Howe Island. The liberations were made in the presence of populations of Queensland fruit fly in New South Wales, Queensland, and on Lord Howe Island, and of Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) in Western Australia. Data from a total of 185 fruit samples taken between January and August 1959 in New South Wales and Queensland indicate that O. oophilus was possibly established in five localities in New South Wales and two in Queensland, and that some field breeding had occurred of O. vandenboschi and O. longicaudatus in New South Wales. There were no recoveries indicating field breeding of the three species in central or north Queensland. The indications of establishment of O. oophilus are tentative because the relevant samples were taken before the parasite populations had been subjected to winter conditions. There were no recoveries of O. incisi, S. indicum, or T. giffardianus.

An Overview of The Status and Management of Rock-wallabies (Petrogale) In New South Wales.

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
L. Dovey ◽  
V. Wong ◽  
P. Bayne
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Media ◽  
Recovery Program

Two species of rock-wallabies occur in New South Wales; the Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby Petrogale xanthopus in the far west and the Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby Petrogale penicillata in the east. Both species have contracted in distribution and abundance across their former range and are threatened in NSW. The P. xanthopus population in NSW now comprises only two sub-populations. Removal of large numbers of goats, thought to be the primary threat, has not halted the wallaby&apos;s decline. Fox and cat predation is now considered the major threat. Fox control is currently being conducted. P. penicillata has undergone a dramatic and continuing decline from being common throughout south-eastern Australia to currently being extremely rare in the southern and western parts of its range and found only in isolated colonies throughout the north of its range. Predation (particularly fox, but including dog and cat), once again, is considered the major threat. A recovery program has been commenced involving the media and wider community in locating extant colonies, as well as developing and implementing Population Management Plans. This program has documented further local extinctions and extremely low numbers of individuals in colonies in the southern and western parts of the range. While no surviving colonies are known between the Shoalhaven area and the Victorian border, there remain more and larger colonies in the north of the state.

Climatic conditions for seedling recruitment within perennial grass swards in south-eastern Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Thapa ◽  
D. R. Kemp ◽  
M. L. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
New South ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Recruitment of new perennial grass plants within existing grassland ecosystems is determined by seed availability, suitable microsites, nutrients and climatic conditions, water and temperatures. This paper reports on the development of criteria to predict recruitment events using modelled soil moisture conditions associated with recruitment of species in five field experiments at Orange (Phalaris aquatica), Trunkey Creek (Austrodanthonia spp.), and Wellington (Bothriochloa macra) in central New South Wales, Australia, and the frequency of those conditions during the past 30 years. Recruitment events were recorded when a rainfall event (median 68 mm across the three sites) kept the surface volumetric soil moisture (0–50 mm) above the permanent wilting point for at least 15 continuous days, allowing for, at most, two ‘dry days’ in between. A key finding from our study is that rainfall events creating favourable soil moisture conditions for seedling emergence typically occurred in the second half of February, sometimes extending to early March. Previously it was thought that recruitment would more likely occur through autumn, winter, and spring when rainfall in southern Australia is more reliable. The 30 years’ data (1975–2004) showed that the P. aquatica site had a median of 20 continuous moist days each year in February–March, whereas, there were 16 and 10 days for the Austrodanthonia and B. macra sites, respectively. The probabilities of exceeding seven or 15 continuous days of moist surface soil were 98% and 78% at the P. aquatica site, 91% and 49% at the Austrodanthonia site, and 73% and 30% at the B. macra site, and indicated that some recruitment is possible in most years. These analyses were extended to several sites across New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania to estimate the frequency with which recruitment could occur within natural swards. Across these sites, the probabilities of exceeding seven continuous days of soil moisture were >55% and of exceeding 15 continuous days were lower, which showed that suitable climatic conditions exist during late summer–early autumn across south-eastern Australia for a recruitment event to occur. Future research may show that the criteria developed in this paper could have wider regional application.

Ecotypic variation in Avena fatua L., A. sterilis L. (A. ludoviciana), and A. barbata Pott. in New South Wales and southern Queensland

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
RDB Whalley ◽  
JM Burfitt
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Avena Sterilis ◽  
Multiple Introductions ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Two Samples

Some 53 samples of wild oat seeds were collected in the wheat belt of eastern Australia in an area extending from Collingulie in southern New South Wales to Dalby in Queensland and grown under uniform environmental conditions. Three species of wild oats were collected, Avena sterilis L. subsp. ludoviciana (Dur.) G. & M. mainly concentrated in the north, A. fatua L. subsp. fatua (L.) Thell. mainly concentrated in the south, and A. barbata Pott. confined to the Southern Tablelands and nearby slopes and plains. A high degree of physiological and morphological variability was evident, A. sterilis exhibiting the greatest variability and A. barbata the least. The variation was mainly local with only a suggestion of ecoclinal variation, and is probably the result of multiple introductions. The two samples of A. barbata tested exhibited a vernalization requirement for flowering and one sample of A. sterilis from the same area also gave a strong response to vernalization, but A. fatua did not.

Incidence of Phomopsis phaseoli (Desm.) Sacc. in crops and seed of soybean in New South Wales

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
GE Stovold ◽  
A Francis
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
First Year ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Phomopsis Phaseoli ◽  
Harvest Maturity

The pod and stem blight and seed decay fungus Phomopsis phaseoli was detected in soybean crops in coastal districts of New South Wales as a symptomless infection in the lowest petioles at flowering. Up to 90% of petioles from a second year crop yielded the fungus compared with 17% from a first year crop. Similar effects of paddock history were evident during pod fill when 43% of pods from a first year crop were infected compared with 76% in a second year crop. Visible symptoms of infection only appeared after crops reached harvest maturity. Crops in the North West of the state were infected at a much lower level. As in coastal districts the highest levels of infection occurred in fields which had been sown previously to soybeans. Only negligible levels of infection were detected in crops grown in the Riverina district. Only seed from coastal crops carried significant infection with P. phaseoli. The level of infection varied within and between seasons and was determined by prevailing climatic factors, especially atmospheric humidity and rainfall during pod fill and after maturity. Humidity and rainfall are greater for coastal than for inland districts, but prevailing temperatures in coastal and inland districts are only slightly different.

An interpretation of the soil formations found on Basalt in the Richmond-Tweed region of New South Wales

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
EG Hallsworth
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Late Tertiary ◽  
Basaltic Soils ◽  
Different Soils

Investigations of the basaltic soils of the north coast of New South Wales suggest that the different soils developed are due mainly to differential leaching under the influence of the present climatic conditions. The district falls naturally into three areas, a less leached area of chernozem and chocolate soils, a highly leached area of krasnozems, and a narrow transition belt between the two. At a few localities in the transition and chernozem / chocolate areas, krasnozems are found in positions where they would not be expected from the general pattern. These appear to be fossil in character and to have originated by weathering of earlier basalt flows during mid to late Tertiary time.

Nature and distribution of rain-forests in New South Wales

1957 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 190 ◽  
Author(s):  
GN Baur
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Forest Patches ◽  
The North ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Forest Distribution

Rain-forest has a discontinuous distribution along the coast and adjoining ranges of New South Wales, extending to altitudes of over 4000 ft. Four major subformations can be recognized, along with two other structural forms which may deserve subformation status. The subformations have been defined as tropical, subtropical, temperate, and dry rain-forest. Six floristic alliances and their associations are briefly described. For the widespread development of rain-forest an annual rainfall exceeding 60 in. is required, though rain-forest is found under much lower rainfalls in places favoured by the soil or topography. The Hernicyclia alliance (dry rain-forest) is found in areas showing a distinctly seasonal rainfall distribution, while the Nothofagus alliance (temperate rain-forest) requires cold and very moist conditions. The Castanospermum alliance occurs along creek banks, usually away from the main rain-forest patches, and the Cupaniopsis alliance is found close to the coast, apparently requiring wind-borne supplies of moisture and mineral nutrients for its development. The Argyrodendron (tropical) and Ceratopetalum (subtropical) alliances occur under similar climatic conditions in the north, but with the Ceratopetalum alliance restricted by competition to the less fertile soils. In the south of the State, where climatic sifting has removed many tropical rain-forest species, the Ceratopetalum alliance occurs on the richer soils. The discontinuity of the rain-forest distribution has been brought about by past climatic changes. Human influence has always restricted rain-forest spread, and since European settlement the area of rain-forest in New South Wales has been reduced by about half.

Seed production and seedling emergence of Giant Parramatta grass on the north coast of New South Wales

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
TS Andrews ◽  
RDB Whalley ◽  
CE Jones
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Seed Fall ◽  
The Impact

Inputs and losses from Giant Parramatta grass [GPG, Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. major (Buse) Baaijens] soil seed banks were quantified on the North Coast of New South Wales. Monthly potential seed production and actual seed fall was estimated at Valla during 1991-92. Total potential production was >668 000 seeds/m2 for the season, while seed fall was >146000 seeds/m2. Seed fall >10000 seeds/m2.month was recorded from January until May, with further seed falls recorded in June and July. The impact of seed production on seed banks was assessed by estimating seed banks in the seed production quadrats before and after seed fall. Seed banks in 4 of the 6 sites decreased in year 2, although seed numbers at 1 damp site increased markedly. Defoliation from mid-December until February, April or June prevented seed production, reducing seed banks by 34% over 7 months. Seed banks in undefoliated plots increased by 3300 seeds/m2, although seed fall was estimated at >114 000 seeds/m2. Emergence of GPG seedlings from artificially established and naturally occurring, persistent seed banks was recorded for 3 years from bare and vegetated treatment plots. Sown seeds showed high levels of innate dormancy and only 4% of seeds emerged when sown immediately after collection. Longer storage of seeds after collection resulted in more seedlings emerging. Estimates of persistent seed banks ranged from 1650 to about 21260 seeds/m2. Most seedlings emerged in spring or autumn and this was correlated with rainfall but not with ambient temperatures. Rates of seed bank decline in both bare and vegetated treatment plots was estimated by fitting exponential decay curves to seed bank estimates. Assuming no further seed inputs, it was estimated that it would take about 3 and 5 years, respectively, for seed banks to decline to 150 seeds/m2 in bare and vegetated treatments.

RACE RELATIONS ON THE NORTH COAST OF NEW SOUTH WALES

Oceania ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm J. C. Calley
Keyword(s):  
Race Relations ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales
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