Pollination in Australian Orchids: a Critical-Assessment of the Literature 1882-1992

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 553 ◽  
Author(s):  
PB Adams ◽  
SD Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Reward System ◽  
Solitary Bees ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Floral Display ◽  
Reward Systems ◽  
Bee Pollination ◽  
Terrestrial Species ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Review Criteria

A century of pollination studies of Australian orchids is reviewed. Descriptions of pollination events and conclusions about pollination status are inadequate in many reports. In this review criteria for establishing 'confirmed', 'probable' and 'suggested' pollinator status are defined and recommended. When applied to 153 published pollination reports there are 24 terrestrial species with 'confirmed' pollinators and a further 47 species with 'probable' pollinators. The major syndromes confirmed are wasp pollination by pseudocopulation (15 species) and the bee pollination syndrome of food mimicry (5 species). Nectar and pollen reward systems operate in a small number of species. Eleven epiphytic species have 'confirmed' pollinators, and four have 'probable' pollinators. Thirteen of the fourteen confirmed reports of epiphyte pollination describe social or solitary bees, mainly of the genus Trigona, apparently attracted by floral display and intense fragrance, which may constitute a chemical reward system. Dendrobium is the main epiphytic genus with confirmed pollinators.

The effects of reward system on bank credit losses – an agent-based model

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 908-924
Author(s):  
Sara Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Reward System ◽  
Bank Credit ◽  
Reward Systems ◽  
Risk Modeling ◽  
Agent Based Model ◽  
Credit Risk Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Loan Officer ◽  
Credit Losses

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the design of loan officer reward systems affects bank credit losses caused by commercial clients. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses an agent-based model to investigate how the design of reward systems affects bank credit losses. Two different systems are compared: competitive and a cooperative. The model is designed according to the theoretically derived assumption that a cooperative reward system will make agents more likely to share knowledge with each other in the processes of granting and monitoring credit. Findings – The results show that a cooperative reward system have potential to reduce bank credit losses. The reduction of errors in evaluating company’s probability of default thus mitigates variations induced by variations in industry, region, and firm-specific returns. Practical implications – The findings imply that reward system design should be considered in credit risk management. Further, managerial issues (e.g. reward systems) should be considered in risk modeling. Originality/value – The results presented in this paper provide evidence to the value of considering the downside (e.g. loss) when designing reward systems in banks.

scholarly journals Evolution of pollination syndromes and corolla symmetry in Balsaminaceae reconstructed using phylogenetic comparative analyses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saroj Ruchisansakun ◽  
Arne Mertens ◽  
Steven B Janssens ◽  
Erik F Smets ◽  
Timotheüs van der Niet
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Plastid Dna ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Pollination Syndromes ◽  
Bee Pollination ◽  
Floral Symmetry ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Pollination Systems

Abstract Background and Aims Floral diversity as a result of plant–pollinator interactions can evolve by two distinct processes: shifts between pollination systems or divergent use of the same pollinator. Although both are pollinator driven, the mode, relative importance and interdependence of these different processes are rarely studied simultaneously. Here we apply a phylogenetic approach using the Balsaminaceae (including the species-rich genus Impatiens) to simultaneously quantify shifts in pollination syndromes (as inferred from the shape and colour of the perianth), as well as divergent use of the same pollinator (inferred from corolla symmetry). Methods For 282 species we coded pollination syndromes based on associations between floral traits and known pollination systems, and assessed corolla symmetry. The evolution of these traits was reconstructed using parsimony- and model-based approaches, using phylogenetic trees derived from phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA sequence data. Key Results A total of 71 % of studied species have a bee pollination syndrome, 22 % a bimodal syndrome (Lepidoptera and bees), 3 % a bird pollination syndrome and 5 % a syndrome of autogamy, while 19 % of species have an asymmetrical corolla. Although floral symmetry and pollination syndromes are both evolutionarily labile, the latter shifts more frequently. Shifts in floral symmetry occurred mainly in the direction towards asymmetry, but there was considerable uncertainty in the pattern of shift direction for pollination syndrome. Shifts towards asymmetrical flowers were associated with a bee pollination syndrome. Conclusion Floral evolution in Impatiens has occurred through both pollination syndrome shifts and divergent use of the same pollinator. Although the former appears more frequent, the latter is likely to be underestimated. Shifts in floral symmetry and pollination syndromes depend on each other but also partly on the region in which these shifts take place, suggesting that the occurrence of pollinator-driven evolution may be determined by the availability of pollinator species at large geographical scales.

Hybrid intermediacy between pollination syndromes in Penstemon, and the role of nectar in affecting hummingbird visitation

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Wilson ◽  
Elizabeth Anne Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Pollination Syndromes ◽  
Bee Pollination ◽  
Pollinator Attraction ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Linear Fashion ◽  
Additive Gene ◽  
Floral Characters ◽  
Additive Gene Expression

Flower size dimensions, colour, and nectar quantities potentially account for differences in pollinator species between Penstemon centranthifolius (Benth.) Benth. (tubular, red, nectar-rich, hummingbird pollinated) and Penstemon spectabilis Thurber (wide, purple, nectar-poor, hymenopteran pollinated). For this study, floral characters and pollinator attraction were measured for the two species, F1 hybrids, and backcrosses. Floral dimensions, nectar characters, and color spectra combined in the hybrids in a largely linear fashion, consistent with an interpretation of net additive gene expression. In other words, the changes from one pollination syndrome to another appeared to be quantitative. There were some deviations from linearity, but not so much as to obscure the linear effect. Generally, backcrosses were not more variable than F1 hybrids or pure parents. Hummingbirds preferred P. centranthifolius over P. spectabilis. The strength of this preference varied by year, and the birds did not respond to hybrids in a strictly linear fashion. When there was a preference, adding nectar hourly to under-visited plants quickly changed the foraging of hummingbirds. Bees in the genus Ceratina preferred the bee-pollination syndrome of P. spectabilis.

scholarly journals Effect Of Reward Systems On Employees’ Achievement Of Targets In The Semi-Autonomous Government Agencies

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 184-208
Author(s):  
CHARLES MUNENE ELIJAH ◽  
Peter Agoi Kibisu ◽  
Willy Muturi
Keyword(s):  
Survey Design ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Reward Systems ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Basic Salary

Employee reward systems refer to programs set up by an organization to reward performance and motivate employees on individual and/or group levels. This study was guided by basic salary, training opportunities, health benefits and house allowance as specific objectives in establishing the effects of employee reward system on the achievement of targets of semi-autonomous government agencies in Migori Sub-County. The study is expected to increase knowledge and understanding in this area by assisting the Kenya Government through Public Service Commission of Kenya in formulating and implementing policies that would lead to a fair reward system for public servants and therefore improving efficiency and effectiveness in staff performance. This research adopted survey design. The target population was 74 employees working in the three semi-autonomous agencies in Migori Sub-County. The sample size of 43 was drawn from the target population of employees in the authorities. This was 58% of the entire population of employees in the three authorities in Migori Sub-County. Data was collected by the use of document analysis and questionnaires. Data was analyzed by the use of computer aided data analysis software SPSS and Statpages. Presentation of data was done by the use of tables, bar graphs, line graphs and percentages. Descriptive statistics and correlation was used to compare the means of monthly earnings for different payrolls and also to establish the strength between dependent variables and independent variable. Findings in this study indicate that basic salary, house allowance and health benefits have very strong influence on employee performance as compared to the moderate influence that training had on their performance. The report recommends the harmonization of schemes of service within departments/ministries so that every individual is rewarded appropriately and fairly in order to improve employee performance.

scholarly journals Pollination biology of Paliavana tenuiflora (Gesneriaceae: Sinningeae) in Northeastern Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 972-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Alves Ferreira ◽  
Blandina Felipe Viana
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Campos Rupestres ◽  
Bee Pollination ◽  
Chapada Diamantina

In this study the floral biology, breeding system, visitors and pollinators of Paliavana tenuiflora were analyzed in campos rupestres in the Chapada Diamantina, Mucugê, Bahia, Brazil. Paliavana tenuiflora is a shrub with blue-violet, bell-shaped flowers, with anthesis at 11:00 h; the flowers last about six days. Large amounts of nectar are produced (volume average 15.5µL, concentration 22.7% and sugar content 5.0 mg mL-1). The amount of nectar is not related to the time of day, but concentration varied with volume. The species is self-compatible, but fruit set depends on pollinators. Although nectar is available by day and night, flowers of P. tenuiflora fit the bee pollination syndrome, and are actually pollinated by Bombusbrevivillus. However, the hummingbird Phaethornis pretrei can be considered an occasional pollinator, due to its behavior and low frequency of visits. Our results suggest a mixed pollination system, although the importance of P.pretrei as a pollinator remains to be better evaluated.

scholarly journals PERAN MOTIVASI DALAM MEMEDIASI PENGARUH SISTEM REWARD TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI

2018 ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Florbela Monica De Araujo ◽  
Desak Ketut Sintaasih ◽  
I Gede Riana
Keyword(s):  
Employee Performance ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Reward Systems ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
Motivation Effect

The objective of this study is to know about the effect of the reward system on the motivation, the effect of motivation on employee performance, the reward systems influence on employee performance, and to know the role of motivation in mediating the effect reward systems on performance employees. The population in this study were all employees work on the Direcção Nacional de Edificação Ministério das Obras Públicas in Dili,Timor-Leste, taken by census or saturated sampling, with a sample size of 41 employees, the research instrument was aquestionnaire and the technique of analysis techniques used namely Partial Least Square (PLS). The results of the study showed that the reward systems effect positively and significant on motivation, motivation effect positively and significant employee performance, the reward systems effect positively but not significant employee performance, the mediating role of motivation in effect reward systems on employee performance proven full mediation. Result of the research implied that reward systems effect on performance but it is not proven, however, is mediated by motivation can improve employee performance. This finding proved that motivation fully mediates the effect of reward systems on employee performance.

Brain Reward Systems and Apathy

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-211
Author(s):  
Stefan Kaiser ◽  
Florian Schlagenhauf
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Reward Systems ◽  
Research Domain Criteria ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Brain Reward ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Research Domain ◽  
Value Representation

Reward is essential for motivating goal-directed behaviour. Impairment in the processing of reward is therefore a promising candidate for understanding apathy which has been defined as a loss of motivation and a quantitative reduction of goal-directed behaviour. This chapter employs the recently updated Research Domain Criteria framework for positive valence systems to provide an overview of reward system functions that have been associated with apathy, including reward anticipation, reward consumption, learning and prediction error, value representation, and integration of effort. For each construct, the concept and the measures on the behavioural and neural level are discussed. The chapter then provides examples from the schizophrenia literature on the association of apathy with these functions and gives a transdiagnostic perspective on the role of reward system dysfunction.

scholarly journals An Historical Perspective of Reward Systems: Lessons Learned from the Scientific Management Era

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene L. Caudill ◽  
Constance D. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Pay For Performance ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Profit Sharing ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
Reward Systems ◽  
Gain Sharing ◽  
Knowledge Based

This paper reveals how similar the reward systems prevalent during the scientific management era are to the rewards systems in use today. Systems popular today, such as profit sharing, gain sharing, skill/knowledge-based pay, merit-based pay/pay for performance, and variable-based pay, were also advocated during the reign of scientific management. The ideas expressed by several key scientific management contributors, including Frederick W. Taylor, Henry L. Gantt, Harrington Emerson, and Frank B and Lillian M. Gilbreth, are detailed. These ideas are compared and contrasted with existing reward systems and their underlying premises.  In addition, the lessons learned from the scientific management era as they relate to reward system philosophies of today are presented.

Impatiens tanintharyiensis (Balsaminaceae), a new species from Southern Myanmar

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 296 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAROJ RUCHISANSAKUN ◽  
PIYAKASET SUKSATHAN ◽  
TIMOTHEÜS VAN DER NIET ◽  
SAW LWIN ◽  
STEVEN B. JANSSENS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Bee Pollination ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Spacer Dna

Impatiens tanintharyiensis Ruchisansakun, Suksathan & Saw-Lwin from the Tanintharyi region of Southern Myanmar is described and illustrated as a new species. The presence of connate lateral united petals and a four-locular ovary, as well as results of molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ITS and plastid atpB-rbcL spacer DNA sequences, suggest that the new species is a member of Impatiens section Semeiocardium (Zoll.) S.X. Yu & Wei Wang. The new species is morphologically most similar to I. spectabilis Triboun & Suksathan, but can be distinguished by its asymmetric flowers, saccate-bucciniform lower sepal, and shorter, slightly incurved spur. Floral traits, including the presence of a large floral chamber with a wide entrance, are consistent with the bee-pollination syndrome in Impatiens. Since I. tanintharyiensis is only known from two small populations, its conservation status is assessed as Endangered.

scholarly journals Meningkatkan Loyalitas Bidan Melalui Pemasaran Internal di Fasilitas Kesehatan Dasar

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Desi Fani Rahmawaty ◽  
Nyoman Anita Damayanti ◽  
Ernawaty Ernawaty
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Building ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Internal Marketing ◽  
Reward Systems ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of midwives and internal marketing efforts (empowerment, reward system, and capacity building) with midwife loyalty. This research is an analytical study with a population of midwives involved in PONED services at Puskesmas. The results showed that employment status has a positive correlation with loyalty (sig = 0.019). Empowerment efforts and reward systems have no relationship with midwife loyalty, while efforts to increase competence have a positive relationship with commitment (sig = 0.037). In conclusion, the certainty of employment status and the better the efforts to increase competence carried out by the Puskesmas will determine midwives' loyalty in PONED services.   Keywords: Midwives, Loyalty, Internal Marketing, PONED

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