The Stopping Power of Ilford C2 Emulsion

1952 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
AJ Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Nuclear Emulsion ◽  
Stopping Power ◽  
Substantial Agreement ◽  
Better Than

The stopping power of Ilford C2 nuclear emulsion under fixed water content conditions has been determined for protons in the energy range 1.73-5.26 MeV. with an accuracy of 1 per cent. The variation of stopping power with water content has been calculated and an appropriate correction applied. It has been found that the values obtained in this experiment are in substantial agreement with those of Lattes, Fowler, and Cuer, and of Rotblat, A consistency in stopping power of better than 0.3 per cent. has been observed between several batches. Some data on the straggling of protons in nuclear emulsion are presented.

scholarly journals PHEMTO: the polarimetric high energy modular telescope observatory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Laurent ◽  
F. Acero ◽  
V. Beckmann ◽  
S. Brandt ◽  
F. Cangemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Energy Range ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Angular Resolution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Thermal Processes ◽  
Scientific Performance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Measurement Capability ◽  
Better Than

AbstractBased upon dual focusing techniques, the Polarimetric High-Energy Modular Telescope Observatory (PHEMTO) is designed to have performance several orders of magnitude better than the present hard X-ray instruments, in the 1–600 keV energy range. This, together with its angular resolution of around one arcsecond, and its sensitive polarimetry measurement capability, will give PHEMTO the improvements in scientific performance needed for a mission in the 2050 era in order to study AGN, galactic black holes, neutrons stars, and supernovae. In addition, its high performance will enable the study of the non-thermal processes in galaxy clusters with an unprecedented accuracy.

Comparison of RZWQM2 and DNDC Models to Simulate Greenhouse Gas Emissions under Combined Inorganic/Organic Fertilization in a Subsurface-Drained Field

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-787
Author(s):  
Qianjing Jiang ◽  
Zhiming Qi ◽  
Chandra A. Madramootoo ◽  
Ward Smith ◽  
Naeem A. Abbasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
N Management ◽  
Better Than

HighlightsRZWQM2 was compared with DNDC to predict greenhouse gas emissions.RZWQM2 was applied to simulate the greenhouse gas emissions under manure application.RZWQM2 performed better than DNDC in simulating soil water content and CO2 emissions.Abstract. N management has the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Process-based models are promising tools for evaluating and developing management practices that may optimize sustainability goals as well as promote crop productivity. In this study, the GHG emission component of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2) was tested under two different types of N management and subsequently compared with the Denitrification-Decomposition (DNDC) model using measured data from a subsurface-drained field with a corn-soybean rotation in southern Ontario, Canada. Field-measured data included N2O and CO2 fluxes, soil temperature, and soil moisture content from a four-year field experiment (2012 to 2015). The experiment was composed of two N treatments: inorganic fertilizer (IF), and inorganic fertilizer combined with solid cattle manure (SCM). Both models were calibrated using the data from IF and validated with SCM. Statistical results indicated that both models predicted well the soil temperature, but RZWQM2 performed better than DNDC in simulating soil water content (SWC) because DNDC lacked a heterogeneous soil profile, had shallow simulation depth, and lacked crop root density functions. Both RZWQM2 and DNDC predicted the cumulative N2O and CO2 emissions within 15% error under all treatments, while the timing of daily CO2 emissions was more accurately predicted by RZWQM2 (RMSE = 0.43 to 0.54) than by DNDC (RMSE = 0.60 to 0.67). Modeling results for N management effects on GHG emissions showed consistency with the field measurements, indicating higher CO2 emissions under SCM than IF, higher N2O emissions under IF in corn years, but lower N2O emissions in soybean years. Overall, RZWQM2 required more experienced and intensive calibration and validation, but it provided more accurate predictions of soil hydrology and better timing of CO2 emissions than DNDC. Keywords: CO2 emission, Corn-soybean rotation, Inorganic fertilization, Manure application, N2O emission, Process-based modeling.

Stopping power of palladium for protons in the energy range 0.300–3.100MeV

2014 ◽  
Vol 318 ◽  
pp. 292-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Miranda ◽  
A. Sepúlveda ◽  
J.R. Morales ◽  
T. Rodriguez ◽  
E. Burgos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Stopping Power

Independent Evaluation of the Ability of Spaceborne Radar and Lidar to Retrieve the Microphysical and Radiative Properties of Ice Clouds

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin J. Hogan ◽  
Malcolm E. Brooks ◽  
Anthony J. Illingworth ◽  
David P. Donovan ◽  
Claire Tinel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Multiple Scattering ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Radiative Properties ◽  
Molecular Scattering ◽  
Retrieval Algorithms ◽  
Ice Water Content ◽  
Ice Water ◽  
Better Than

Abstract The combination of radar and lidar in space offers the unique potential to retrieve vertical profiles of ice water content and particle size globally, and two algorithms developed recently claim to have overcome the principal difficulty with this approach—that of correcting the lidar signal for extinction. In this paper “blind tests” of these algorithms are carried out, using realistic 94-GHz radar and 355-nm lidar backscatter profiles simulated from aircraft-measured size spectra, and including the effects of molecular scattering, multiple scattering, and instrument noise. Radiation calculations are performed on the true and retrieved microphysical profiles to estimate the accuracy with which radiative flux profiles could be inferred remotely. It is found that the visible extinction profile can be retrieved independent of assumptions on the nature of the size distribution, the habit of the particles, the mean extinction-to-backscatter ratio, or errors in instrument calibration. Local errors in retrieved extinction can occur in proportion to local fluctuations in the extinction-to-backscatter ratio, but down to 400 m above the height of the lowest lidar return, optical depth is typically retrieved to better than 0.2. Retrieval uncertainties are greater at the far end of the profile, and errors in total optical depth can exceed 1, which changes the shortwave radiative effect of the cloud by around 20%. Longwave fluxes are much less sensitive to errors in total optical depth, and may generally be calculated to better than 2 W m−2 throughout the profile. It is important for retrieval algorithms to account for the effects of lidar multiple scattering, because if this is neglected, then optical depth is underestimated by approximately 35%, resulting in cloud radiative effects being underestimated by around 30% in the shortwave and 15% in the longwave. Unlike the extinction coefficient, the inferred ice water content and particle size can vary by 30%, depending on the assumed mass–size relationship (a problem common to all remote retrieval algorithms). However, radiative fluxes are almost completely determined by the extinction profile, and if this is correct, then errors in these other parameters have only a small effect in the shortwave (around 6%, compared to that of clear sky) and a negligible effect in the longwave.

scholarly journals Monitoring infiltration processes with high-resolution surface-based Ground-Penetrating Radar

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 12215-12246 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Klenk ◽  
S. Jaumann ◽  
K. Roth
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Relaxation Processes ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Relative Precision ◽  
Direct Wave ◽  
Wave Travel ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. In this study, we present a series of high resolution Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) measurements monitoring two artificially induced infiltration pulses into two different sands with dual-frequency ground-based GPR. After the application of the second infiltration pulse, the water table in the subsoil was raised by pumping in water from below. The longterm relaxation of the system was then monitored over the course of several weeks. We focused on the capillary fringe reflection and on observed variations in soil water content as derived from direct wave travel times. We discuss the advantages of this dual-frequency approach and show the attainable precision in longterm monitoring of such relaxation processes. Reaching a relative precision of better than 0.001 [–] in water content, we can clearly discern the relaxation of the two investigated sands.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document