The risk of vegetative water deficit in early-sown faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and its implications for crop productivity in a Mediterranean-type environment

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 566 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. French
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Farmer Behaviour ◽  
Top 40

Farmers in Mediterranean-type environments should plant annual crops as early as possible to maximise yield. Greater rainfall variability at the start of the growing season potentially exposes early-sown crops to water deficit, which may be severe enough to cause crop mortality or to reduce potential productivity. This paper shows that in a typical Mediterranean-type environment at Merredin, Western Australia, much longer dry periods between rainfall events are likely in April rather than in May or June, but with a sowing rule based on farmer behaviour the likelihood of damaging water deficit is small. Soil water at sowing is a good indicator of this likelihood. The implications of early water deficit for crop productivity were investigated for faba bean in two experiments at Merredin in 1997 and 1998. In 1997 simulated plant available water in the top 40 cm (PAW40) at sowing was 24 mm and 8-week-old plants displayed severe wilting after 6 weeks without rain. There was no crop mortality even after 8 weeks without rain and plants recovered quickly when rewatered. Water deficit reduced grain yield through lower evapotranspiration since withholding water reduced total supply but also because severely stressed plants could not extract water from as deep in the soil as less stressed plants. In 1998 simulated PAW40 at sowing was 41 mm and no wilting was observed when water was withheld for 8 weeks. Apparent transpiration efficiency was not affected by mild water deficit in either year, but was reduced by 35% by delaying sowing in 1998. This was due to higher atmospheric vapour pressure deficit during reproductive growth of the later-sown crop. These results suggest that delaying sowing in faba bean is more likely to reduce faba bean grain yield unless there is a strong likelihood of severe water deficit soon after sowing. This likelihood can be judged from the amount of soil water at sowing.

A drought experiment using mobile shelters: the effect of drought on barley yield, water use and nutrient uptake

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Day ◽  
B. J. Legg ◽  
B. K. French ◽  
A. E. Johnston ◽  
D. W. Lawlor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Maximum Depth ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Effects Of Drought

SummaryAutomatic mobile shelters were used to keep rain off a barley crop in a drought experiment. The treatments ranged from no water during the growing season to regular weekly irrigation. This paper reports the effect of drought on the harvest yield and its components, on water use and nutrient uptake.Drought caused large decreases in yield, and affected each component of the grain yield. The magnitude of each component varied by up to 25% between treatments, and much of the variation could be accounted for by linear regression against the mean soil water deficit in one of three periods. For the number of grains per ear, the relevant period included tillering and ear formation; for the number of ears per unit ground area, the period included stem extension and tiller death; for grain mass, the period included grain filling.The harvest yields were linearly related to water use, with no indication of a critical period of drought sensitivity. The relation of grain yield to the maximum potential soil water deficit did show that a prolonged early drought had an exceptionally large effect on both yield and water use.Two unsheltered irrigation experiments, also on barley, were made in the same year on a nearby site. The effects of drought on yield in these experiments were in good agreement with the effects observed on the mobile shelter site.When fully irrigated, the small plots under the mobile shelters used water 11% faster than larger areas of crop, because of advection. The maximum depth from which water was extracted was unaffected by the drought treatment. When 50% of the available soil water had been used the uptake rate decreased, but the maximum depth of uptake continued to increase.Measurements of crop nutrients at harvest showed that nitrogen uptake was large, because of site history, and that phosphate uptake was decreased by drought to such an extent that phosphate shortage may have limited yield.

scholarly journals Cultivar Differences in Leaf Photosynthesis and Grain Yield of Wheat under Soil Water Deficit Conditions.

1994 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michihiro WADA ◽  
Luiz J.C.B. CARVALHO ◽  
Gustavo C. RODRIGUES ◽  
Ryuichi ISHII
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis

scholarly journals Effect of Water Deficit Stress on Yield Performances in Wet Seeded Rice

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
S Parveen ◽  
E Humphreys ◽  
M Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Consistent Trend ◽  
Labour Requirement ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Water Tension

Worldwide fresh water scarcity and labour unavailability in agriculture are driving researchers and farmers to find management strategies that will increase water productivity and reduce labour requirement. Wet seeding instead of transplanting rice greatly reduces the labour requirement for crop establishment, while use of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) instead of continuous flooding reduces irrigation input. However, the safe threshold for irrigating wet seeded rice (WSR) at different crop stages has not been investigated. Therefore, experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different degrees of water stress during different crop growth stages on yield performance of WSR. This was done in greenhouse experiment in the 2011 wet season 2011 at the International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines. In the experiment, water stresses were applied by withholding irrigation until soil water tension increased to 10, 20 or 40 kPa (kilo pascal) at 10 cm below the soil surface. Soil water tension was measured using 30 cm long guage tensiometer installed with the center of the ceramic cup. The stresses were applied during three crop stages: 3-leaf (3L) to panicle initiation (PI), PI to flowering (FL), and FL to physiological maturity (PM). The experiment also included a continuously flooded (CF) treatment. The number of drying events ranged from 8-12 during 3L-PI, 6-10 during PI-FL and 6-10 during FL-PM. There was a consistent trend for a decline in the number of irrigations and irrigation input with increasing irrigation threshold, and thresholds of 20 and 40 kPa resulted in significantly lower input than with CF. There were consistent trends for lower grain yield as the level of water deficit stress increased, and imposition of stresses of 20 and 40 kPa at any or all three stages significantly reduced grain yield compared with CF. There was a trend for the reduction in grain yield to be greater when the stresses were imposed at all three stages compared with a single stage, but the differences were not significant. There was a consistent trend for irrigation water productivity (WPi) to decrease as the irrigation threshold increased, with significantly lower values for a 40 kPa threshold at any stage, in comparison with CF. This was because the decline in water input to the pots was less than the decline in yield as the threshold increased. The results suggest that the optimum threshold for irrigation of WSR is 10 kPa during the vegetative and grain filling stages, and that the soil should be kept at close to saturation during PI-FLBangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(1): 1-12

Physiological trade-offs of stomatal closure under high evaporative gradients in field grown soybean

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana Medina ◽  
Matthew E. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Trade Offs

Limited rainfall is the main constraint to agriculture, making agricultural research to understand plant behaviour that leads to avoidance of soil water deficit a matter of priority. One focus has screened for crop varieties that decrease stomatal conductance under high vapour pressure deficit (VPD), a proxy for the leaf evaporative gradient. However, the link between stomatal closure and physiological consequences in field environments is not yet clear. A field experiment on soybeans demonstrated that considerable variation in leaf temperature relative to air temperature occurred, leading to evaporative gradients differing substantially from VPD. Thus, transpiration is decreased by stomatal closure at high VPD, but to compensate, transpiration is somewhat increased due to higher leaf temperatures. Soil water deficit led to lower stomatal conductance, particularly under low evaporative conditions, not just under hot conditions. Non-stomatal photosynthetic limitations were observed due to combined occurrence of stomatal closure and high temperature under high VPD. Although leaves reached temperatures higher than the threshold for a decrease in maximum photochemical efficiency, and displayed non-stomatal photosynthetic limitations, no photoinhibition or damage was observed by night-time. The results demonstrate that more understanding of physiological strategies for achieving altered water use is needed to avoid trade-offs and heat stress.

scholarly journals Interactive effects of warming and water deficit on Shiraz vine transpiration in the Barossa Valley, Australia

OENO One ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Bonada ◽  
Ignacio Buesa ◽  
Martin A Moran ◽  
Victor O Sadras
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Regional Identity ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Thermal Dissipation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Canopy Size

Anticipating vineyard irrigation requirements in future climates is of strategic importance to maintain sustainability and wine regional identity. In the context of worldwide warming and climate-driven shifts in amount and seasonality of rainfall, we investigate the interactive effects of warming and water deficit on vine transpiration. Transpiration of Shiraz vines was measured with thermal dissipation sap flow probes in a factorial experiment combining two thermal (heated with open-top chambers and control at ambient temperature) and two water regimes (wet and dry). Increased vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and canopy size in heated vines led to higher transpiration rates in irrigated vines during the first season. However, faster depletion of soil water by highly transpiring vines, followed by insufficient soil water replenishment by rain and irrigation, resulted in a negative feedback on vine transpiration the following season when heated vines were more water stressed than controls. The effect of warming was thus reversed the second season, with higher transpiration under ambient temperature. Therefore, dry soil, we suggest, could over-ride the effect of warming on the other variables driving transpiration (VPD, canopy size, and possibly stomatal conductance). Water scheduling will need to incorporate increased water demand under elevated temperature to maintain grapevine production in the long term.

Effect of soil water deficit on grain yield in synthetic bread wheat derivatives

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 1603-1608 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Inagaki ◽  
J. Valkoun ◽  
M. Nachit
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Soil Water Deficit

Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in rotation with faba bean (Vicia faba var. minor L.): long-term simulation case study

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 240 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Garofalo ◽  
E. Di Paolo ◽  
M. Rinaldi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Legume Crop

The aim of this work was to apply the CropSyst simulation model to evaluate the effect of faba bean cultivation as a break crop in the continuous durum wheat cropping system in southern Italy. The model was previously calibrated and validated for durum wheat and faba bean on data derived from experiments carried out in southern Italy (for different years and treatments), comparing observed and simulated crop growth, yield, soil water, and nitrogen output variables. The validation showed good agreement between simulated and observed values for cumulative above-ground biomass, green area index, and soil water content for both crops and grain yield for durum wheat; a negative correlation for grain yield in faba bean was observed due to a reduction in harvest index in the well-watered crop, which the model does not simulate well. Subsequently, a long-term analysis was carried out to study the effects on durum wheat of introducing a legume crop in rotation with the cereal in 2 and 3-year sequences. A long-term simulation, based on 53 years of daily measured weather data, showed that faba bean, due to a lower level of transpirated water (on average 247 mm for durum wheat and 197 mm for faba bean), allowed for greater soil water availability at durum wheat sowing for the cereal when in rotation with a legume crop (on average, +84 mm/m for durum wheat following the faba bean), with positive effects for nitrogen uptake, above-ground biomass, and grain yield of wheat. The yield increase of wheat when following a faba bean crop was on average +12%, but this effect was amplified in drier years (up to 135%). In conclusion, the case study offered the potential to confirm the positive results previously obtained in long/medium-term field experiments on the introduction of faba bean in rotation with durum wheat, as well as reduction in the chemical application of nitrogen.

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