Variations in coat protein sequence of Wheat streak mosaic virus among crop and non-crop hosts

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khushwant Singh ◽  
Jiban Kumar Kundu
Keyword(s):  
Coat Protein ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Type A ◽  
Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Type B ◽  
Terminal Domain ◽  
Type D

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) has become a re-emerging pathogen in recent years in the Czech Republic. Crop (e.g. wheat, barley, maize) and non-crop grasses from the Poaceae family are the natural hosts of the virus. Here, we report the results from coat protein (CP) gene-sequence analysis of WSMV isolates from wheat crops (four cultivars: Turondot, Bodyček, Avenue, Hymack) and three grass species (Agropyron repens, Phleum pratense, Poa pratensis). Phylogenetic reconstruction of putative CP sequences showed that all tested isolates clustered with existing type B isolates of WSMV (originating from Europe and Asia) rather than type D (originating from USA, Argentina, Australia, and Iran) and type A (originating from Mexico) isolates. Analysis of recombination events showed that Turondot and Hymack isolates recombined with P. pratense, whereas Bodyček and Avenue isolates recombined with a type B isolate (Iran_Saadat-Shahr). The grasses A. repens, P. pratense and P. pratensis share recombination events with type A (Mexico_El Batán), type B (French and German isolates) and type D (Iran_Naghadeh) isolates. The characteristic GCA (Gly276) triplet codon found in type B isolates was conserved in both the wheat and grass isolates. Notably, nucleotide variations were mainly observed at positions nt 381–389, nt 405–460 and nt 486–497 between crop and non-crop hosts. Based on our analysis, we propose that the grass isolates form subtype B1 within the type B isolates of WSMV. Putative CP amino acid sequences in the centre of the protein and in the C-terminal domain (aa 112–260) were significantly more frequently conserved in both wheat and grasses than those in the N-terminal domain (aa 11–80). Collectively, these results indicate that variations exist between crop and non-crop hosts of WSMV.

scholarly journals Sixty Years After the First Description: Genome Sequence and Biological Characterization of European Wheat Striate Mosaic Virus Infecting Cereal Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merike Sõmera ◽  
Anders Kvarnheden ◽  
Cécile Desbiez ◽  
Dag-Ragnar Blystad ◽  
Pille Sooväli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Transmission Factor ◽  
Range Data ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Systemic Spread

High-throughput sequencing technologies were used to identify plant viruses in cereal samples surveyed from 2012 to 2017. Fifteen genome sequences of a tenuivirus infecting wheat, oats, and spelt in Estonia, Norway, and Sweden were identified and characterized by their distances to other tenuivirus sequences. Like most tenuiviruses, the genome of this tenuivirus contains four genomic segments. The isolates found from different countries shared at least 92% nucleotide sequence identity at the genome level. The planthopper Javesella pellucida was identified as a vector of the virus. Laboratory transmission tests using this vector indicated that wheat, oats, barley, rye, and triticale, but none of the tested pasture grass species (Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense, and Poa pratensis), are susceptible. Taking into account the vector and host range data, the tenuivirus we have found most probably represents European wheat striate mosaic virus first identified about 60 years ago. Interestingly, whereas we were not able to infect any of the tested cereal species mechanically, Nicotiana benthamiana was infected via mechanical inoculation in laboratory conditions, displaying symptoms of yellow spots and vein clearing evolving into necrosis, eventually leading to plant death. Surprisingly, one of the virus genome segments (RNA2) encoding both a putative host systemic movement enhancer protein and a putative vector transmission factor was not detected in N. benthamiana after several passages even though systemic infection was observed, raising fundamental questions about the role of this segment in the systemic spread in several hosts.

scholarly journals CTNI-03. IMAGING FEATURES OF LEPTOMENINGEAL METASTASES OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER: A SINGLE-CENTER REAL-WORLD STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii41-ii41
Author(s):  
Junjie Zhen ◽  
Lei Wen ◽  
Shaoqun Li ◽  
Mingyao Lai ◽  
Changguo Shan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Type A ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Type B ◽  
Type D ◽  
Mri Examination ◽  
Mri Features ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Abstract BACKGROUND According to EANO-ESMO clinical practice guidelines, the MRI findings of LM are divided into 4 types, namely linear enhancement (type A), nodular enhancement (type B), linear combined with nodular enhancement (type C), and sign of hydrocephalus (type D). METHODS The MRI features of brain and spinal cord in patients diagnosed with NSCLC-LM in Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital from 2010 until 2019 were investigated, and then were classified into 4 types. The imaging features were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 80 patients were enrolled in the study. The median age of the patients was 53.5 years old, and the median time from the initial diagnosis to the confirmed diagnosis of LM was 11.6 months. The results of enhanced MRI examination of the brain in 79 cases showed that the number of cases with enhancements of type A, B, C and D were 50 (63.3%), 0, 26 (32.9%) and 3 (3.8%), respectively, and that LM with metastases to the brain parenchyma was found in 42 cases (53.2%). The results of enhanced MRI examination of spinal cord in 59 cases showed that there were only enhancements of type A and C in 40 cases (67.8%) and 3 cases (5.0%), and no enhancement sign in the other 16 cases (27.2%). CONCLUSION MRI examination of brain and spinal cord will improve the detection rate of LM. The MRI features of NSCLC-LM in real world are mainly characterized by the linear enhancements of brain and spinal cord, followed by linear combined with nodular enhancement. The enhancements of type B and type D are rare in clinic. Almost half of the patients have LM and metastases to the brain parenchyma. Therefore, the differentiation of tumor metastases is needed to be paid attention to for the early diagnosis and the formulation of reasonable treatment plans.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of TiO2 additions to mortar to maintain initial conditions in terms of its reflectance to solar radiation

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Roberto Andrade Dantas ◽  
Fulvio Vittorino ◽  
Kai Loh
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Type A ◽  
Just Noticeable Difference ◽  
Type B ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Type D ◽  
Type C ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Contact of facades with degradation agents and direct incidence of ultraviolet radiation on external coatings make them more opaque over time, affecting their colour and reflectance characteristics. This study evaluated the effect of adding different TiO2 contents to mortars applied in concrete substrates in order to verify the reflectance maintenance on surfaces after exposure over time. Mortar with different concentrations of TiO2 (1%, 5%, 10%) were produced in relation to the total dry premix, added as a powder and compared to unpainted mortar without TiO2 (type "A") and painted mortar without TiO2 (type "B"), both used as a reference for colour and reflectance. Exposed over 16 months to climate conditions in São Paulo, regarding the maintenance of reflectance and solar radiation, the results showed that type "B" (0%TiO2) painted mortar presented the best performance. Type "C" (1%TiO2) and type "D" (5%TiO2) unpainted mortar remained more stable. Type "A" (0%TiO2) and type "E" (10%TiO2) unpainted mortar showed greater differences according to the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) range caused by dirt pick up.

Wind-mediated seed dispersal of invasive forage grasses from agricultural grasslands in Hokkaido, Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
Chika Egawa ◽  
Atsushi Shoji ◽  
Hiroyuki Shibaike
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Number Of Seeds

AbstractAlthough introduced pasture grasses are essential for forage production in current livestock farming, some species cause serious impacts on native biodiversity when naturalized. Information on the seed dispersal of invasive forage grasses from cultivated settings to surrounding environments can inform management efforts to prevent their naturalization. In this case study, we quantified the wind-mediated seed dispersal distance and amount of dispersed seed of invasive forage grasses from agricultural grasslands in Hokkaido, northern Japan. In total, 200 funnel seed traps were installed around three regularly mown grasslands and one unmown grassland where various forage grass species were grown in mixture. Seeds of each species dispersed outside the grasslands were captured from May to October 2017. Based on the trapped distances of seeds, the 99th percentile dispersal distance from the grasslands was estimated for six species, including timothy (Phleum pratense L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). For two dominant species, P. pratense and D. glomerata, the numbers of seeds dispersed outside the field under mown and unmown conditions were determined under various plant cover situations. The estimated dispersal distances ranged from 2.3 m (P. pratense) to 31.5 m (P. pratensis), suggesting that areas within approximately 32 m of the grasslands are exposed to the invasion risk of some forage grass species. For both P. pratense and D. glomerata, the number of seeds dispersed outside the unmown grassland exceeded 100 seeds m−2 under high plant cover situations, while the number of seeds dispersed from the mown grasslands at the same plant cover level was less than one-third of that number. The results suggest that local land managers focus their efforts on frequent mowing of grasslands and monitoring of the areas within approximately 32 m of the grasslands to substantially reduce the naturalization of invasive forage grasses.

scholarly journals Postsurgical residual lung complications following left upper trisegmentectomy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaro Koike ◽  
Aritoshi Hattori ◽  
Takeshi Matsunaga ◽  
Kazuya Takamochi ◽  
Shiaki Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Type A ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Type B ◽  
Type D ◽  
Thoracic Computed Tomography ◽  
Isolated Segment ◽  
Type C ◽  
Lung Torsion

AbstractOBJECTIVESSegmentectomy has become an increasingly popular surgical procedure for small-sized lung lesions. Left upper trisegmentectomy (LUTS) is one of the most common segmentectomies performed because of its relative ease and simplicity; however, limited information is currently available on the specific postoperative complications associated with this procedure.METHODSAmong 2060 surgically resected cases in our institute between 2009 and 2016, 129 (6.2%) underwent LUTS. Postoperative chest X-rays and/or thoracic computed tomography (CT) scans were retrospectively assessed for all cases to assess postsurgical residual lung complications following LUTS. We categorized cases into 4 groups: type A (atelectasis of the lingular segment), type B (lung torsion of the lingular segment), type C (necrosis of the ‘isolated segment’) and type D (haematoma along stapling lines).RESULTSPostsurgical lung complications following LUTS were observed in 17 (13.1%) patients (type A: n = 7, type B: n = 1, type C: n = 4 and type D: n = 5). Three patients (2.3%) required surgical intervention because of type B (n = 1) and type C (n = 2), namely, decreased permeability and remaining ground glass opacities in the residual lung, showing an exacerbated systemic inflammatory response. In contrast, type A and D cases were successfully observed by chest CT without any surgical intervention, and patients recovered within a few months of surgery.CONCLUSIONSWe identified several postoperative residual lung complications following LUTS. Lung torsion or necrosis of the residual segment may require intensive care, including reoperation. Potentially serious complications always need to be ruled out after LUTS when radiological consolidation is detected postoperatively.

scholarly journals Relative Susceptibility Among Alternative Host Species Prevalent in the Great Plains to Wheat streak mosaic virus

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 1185-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ito ◽  
Z. Miller ◽  
F. Menalled ◽  
M. Moffet ◽  
M. Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽  
Viral Reservoir ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass

Wild grasses, crops, and grassy weeds are known to host Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and its vector, the wheat curl mite (WCM). Their relative importance as a source of WSMV was evaluated. A survey of small-grain fields throughout Montana was conducted between 2008 and 2009. Cheatgrass was the most prevalent grassy weed and the most frequent viral host, with 6% infection by WSMV in 2008 (n = 125) and 15% in 2009 (n = 358). By mechanically inoculating plants with WSMV in the greenhouse, the highest susceptibility was found in rye brome (52.1%), jointed goatgrass (80.9%), and wild oat (53.9%. Quackgrass, not previously reported as a host, was susceptible to WSMV (12.7%). Mite transmission efficiency from susceptible grass species was lower than from wheat, and grass species must be a host for both WSMV and the WCM to serve as a virus source. WCM transmission was more efficient than mechanical transmission. Overall, results indicate that grass species can serve as a viral reservoir, regional variation in a weed species' susceptibility to WSMV cannot explain geographic variation in epidemic intensity, and crop species and closely related weeds (e.g., jointed goatgrass) remain the best reservoirs for both WSMV and the WCM.

A New Classification of Cochleovestibular Malformations and Implications for Predicting Speech Perception Ability after Cochlear Implantation

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Wook Jeong ◽  
Lee-Suk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Cochlear Implantation ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Type A ◽  
Cochlear Nerve ◽  
Type B ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Type D ◽  
Type C

Objectives: The aims of this study were to introduce a new classification of cochleovestibular malformation (CVM) and to investigate how well this classification can predict speech perception ability after cochlear implantation in children with CVM. Methods: Fifty-nine children with CVM who had used a cochlear implant for more than 3 years were included. CVM was classified into 4 subtypes based on the morphology of the cochlea and the modiolus on temporal bone computed tomography (TBCT): normal cochlea and normal modiolus (type A, n = 16), malformed cochlea and partial modiolus (type B, n = 31), malformed cochlea and no modiolus (type C, n = 6), and no cochlea and no modiolus (type D, n = 6). Speech perception test scores were compared between the subtypes of CVM using analysis of covariance with post hoc Bonferroni test. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to identify the significant predictors of the speech perception test scores. Results: The speech perception test scores after implantation were significantly better in children with CVM type A or type B than in children with CVM type C or type D. The test scores did not differ significantly between the implanted children with CVM type A or type B and those without CVM. In univariate regression analysis, the type of CVM was a significant predictor of the speech perception test scores in implanted children with CVM. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the age at cochlear implantation, cochlear nerve size and preimplantation speech perception test scores were significant predictors of the postimplantation speech perception test scores. The chance of cochlear nerve deficiency increased progressively from CVM type A to type D. Conclusion: The new classification of CVM based on the morphology of the cochlea and the modiolus is simple and easy to use, and correlated well with postimplantation speech perception ability and cochlear nerve status. This simple classification of CVM using TBCT with cochlear nerve assessment by magnetic resonance imaging is helpful in the preoperative evaluation of children with CVM.

scholarly journals The resistance of Lolium perenne L. × hybridum, Poa pratensis, Festuca rubra, F. arundinacea, Phleum pratense and Dactylis glomerata to soil pollution by diesel oil and petroleum

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Agata Borowik ◽  
Jan Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Resistance of common European grasses to diesel oil and petroleum pollution is not well-known. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the level of resistance of selected grasses to pollution by diesel and petroleum using the pot experiment. The achieved results were compared with those determined for grasses grown on the non-polluted soil. Soil pollution with the tested products was found to significantly decrease the yield of all grasses, with the decrease being lower upon soil pollution with petroleum than with diesel oil. The most resistant to the pollution with diesel oil and petroleum were Phleum pratense L., Lolium perenne L. and Lolium × hybridum Hausskn. The degradation of particular groups of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) depended on their chemical properties, on the type of pollutant and grass species. The greatest degradation was determined in the case of BTEX, C<sub>6</sub>–C<sub>12</sub> benzines as well as 2- and 3-ring hydrocarbons, whereas the lowest in the case of 5-and 6-ring hydrocarbons and C<sub>12</sub>–C<sub>25</sub> oils. The most useful species in the remediation of soils polluted with diesel oil and petroleum turned out to be: Lolium perenne L., Lolium × hybridum Hausskn and Phleum pratense L., whereas the least useful appeared to be: Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata L. and Poa pratensis L.

Myocardial and vascular lesions in the LA/N-corpulent rat

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 1272-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Russell ◽  
R. M. Amy
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Type A ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Type B ◽  
Muscle Scar ◽  
Type D

The LA/N-corpulent (LA/N-cp) rat is a normotensive strain derived from Koltesky's original mutant strain of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). When homozygous for the cp gene (cp/cp), the rats are hyperphagous, hyperlipidemic, hyperinsulinemic, and obese. The rats have been shown, by scanning electron microscope observation of the arterial system, to develop arterial lesions and occasional occlusive thrombi. These are significantly more frequent in the corpulent rats. Histological examination of the heart has shown the presence of four distinguishable types of lesions: type A, muscle scar or cell dropout with pigment deposition and inflammatory cell accumulation; type B, necrosis of a small number of myocytes with reactive inflammatory cells; type C, nodule of chronic inflammatory cells; type D, muscle scar without chronic inflammatory cells. Complete transverse sections of three regions of the heart were examined from rats 3, 6, and 9 months of age. Rats that were homozygous normal (+/+) showed an absence of all types of cardiac lesions. Male corpulent rats showed frequent lesions of all types with the frequency rising consistently with age. Female corpulent rats showed a similar incidence of types C and D lesions to males, but no type B lesions were found. Type A lesions, the most common in corpulent males, were found at a greatly reduced relative frequency. In some instances, we have found occlusive thrombi in a coronary artery of corpulent rats. The disease process in these animals occurs with a normal low fat, virtually cholesterol-free diet and no experimental manipulation.

scholarly journals Microsurgical Management of Hypoglossal Schwannomas Over 3 Decades: A Modified Grading Scale to Guide Surgical Approach

2011 ◽  
Vol 69 (suppl_2) ◽  
pp. ons121-ons140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoichi Nonaka ◽  
Peter M. Grossi ◽  
Ketan R. Bulsara ◽  
Raymond M. Taniguchi ◽  
Allan H. Friedman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sural Nerve ◽  
Hypoglossal Nerve ◽  
Type A ◽  
Nerve Graft ◽  
Type B ◽  
Nerve Reconstruction ◽  
Type D ◽  
Grading Scale ◽  
Type C ◽  
Sural Nerve Graft

Abstract BACKGROUND Schwannomas originating from the hypoglossal nerve are extremely rare. Microsurgical resection with the goal for cure has traditionally been associated with a high risk of postoperative deficits. OBJECTIVE To summarize our clinical experience using tailored cranial base approaches for these formidable lesions. METHODS The clinical records of 13 patients were retrospectively reviewed. In addition, all reported patients in the literature were reviewed. The extreme lateral infrajugular transcondylar-transtubercular exposure approach was used in all of our patients. Based on our experience and literature analysis, we propose the following modified grading scale to facilitate surgical planning: type A, intradural tumors; type B, dumbbell-shaped tumors; type C, extracranial tumors; and type D, peripheral tumors. RESULTS All 13 patients underwent total, near-total, or subtotal tumor resection. Eight patients were men, 5 were women (mean age, 41.7 years). Sural nerve graft reconstruction for the hypoglossal nerve was performed in 4 patients. Three of the 4 patients in whom nerve reconstruction was performed regained satisfactory movement of their tongue. In the review of the literature, the mean patient age was 45.8 years. Patients presented with tongue atrophy (91.6%), headache (60.9%), and dysphagia (31.8%). The tumors were categorized as type A in 31.7% of these patients, type B in 38.6%, type C in 6.2%, and type D in 23.4%. CONCLUSION The extreme lateral infrajugular transcondylar-transtubercular exposure approach, which is a modification of the extreme lateral suboccipital approach, provides sufficient exposure for most intracranial dumbbell-shaped hypoglossal schwannomas. Hypoglossal nerve reconstruction using a sural nerve graft improves tongue atrophy and movement for patients with resected nerves.

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