The effectiveness of TiO2 additions to mortar to maintain initial conditions in terms of its reflectance to solar radiation

Abstract Contact of facades with degradation agents and direct incidence of ultraviolet radiation on external coatings make them more opaque over time, affecting their colour and reflectance characteristics. This study evaluated the effect of adding different TiO2 contents to mortars applied in concrete substrates in order to verify the reflectance maintenance on surfaces after exposure over time. Mortar with different concentrations of TiO2 (1%, 5%, 10%) were produced in relation to the total dry premix, added as a powder and compared to unpainted mortar without TiO2 (type "A") and painted mortar without TiO2 (type "B"), both used as a reference for colour and reflectance. Exposed over 16 months to climate conditions in São Paulo, regarding the maintenance of reflectance and solar radiation, the results showed that type "B" (0%TiO2) painted mortar presented the best performance. Type "C" (1%TiO2) and type "D" (5%TiO2) unpainted mortar remained more stable. Type "A" (0%TiO2) and type "E" (10%TiO2) unpainted mortar showed greater differences according to the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) range caused by dirt pick up.

Download Full-text

Postsurgical residual lung complications following left upper trisegmentectomy

European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery ◽

10.1093/ejcts/ezz273 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yutaro Koike ◽

Aritoshi Hattori ◽

Takeshi Matsunaga ◽

Kazuya Takamochi ◽

Shiaki Oh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surgical Intervention ◽

Type A ◽

X Rays ◽

Limited Information ◽

Type B ◽

Type D ◽

Thoracic Computed Tomography ◽

Isolated Segment ◽

Type C ◽

Lung Torsion

AbstractOBJECTIVESSegmentectomy has become an increasingly popular surgical procedure for small-sized lung lesions. Left upper trisegmentectomy (LUTS) is one of the most common segmentectomies performed because of its relative ease and simplicity; however, limited information is currently available on the specific postoperative complications associated with this procedure.METHODSAmong 2060 surgically resected cases in our institute between 2009 and 2016, 129 (6.2%) underwent LUTS. Postoperative chest X-rays and/or thoracic computed tomography (CT) scans were retrospectively assessed for all cases to assess postsurgical residual lung complications following LUTS. We categorized cases into 4 groups: type A (atelectasis of the lingular segment), type B (lung torsion of the lingular segment), type C (necrosis of the ‘isolated segment’) and type D (haematoma along stapling lines).RESULTSPostsurgical lung complications following LUTS were observed in 17 (13.1%) patients (type A: n = 7, type B: n = 1, type C: n = 4 and type D: n = 5). Three patients (2.3%) required surgical intervention because of type B (n = 1) and type C (n = 2), namely, decreased permeability and remaining ground glass opacities in the residual lung, showing an exacerbated systemic inflammatory response. In contrast, type A and D cases were successfully observed by chest CT without any surgical intervention, and patients recovered within a few months of surgery.CONCLUSIONSWe identified several postoperative residual lung complications following LUTS. Lung torsion or necrosis of the residual segment may require intensive care, including reoperation. Potentially serious complications always need to be ruled out after LUTS when radiological consolidation is detected postoperatively.

Download Full-text

A New Classification of Cochleovestibular Malformations and Implications for Predicting Speech Perception Ability after Cochlear Implantation

Audiology and Neurotology ◽

10.1159/000365584 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 90-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Sung-Wook Jeong ◽

Lee-Suk Kim

Keyword(s):

Speech Perception ◽

Cochlear Implantation ◽

Test Scores ◽

Type A ◽

Cochlear Nerve ◽

Type B ◽

New Classification ◽

Type D ◽

Type C

Objectives: The aims of this study were to introduce a new classification of cochleovestibular malformation (CVM) and to investigate how well this classification can predict speech perception ability after cochlear implantation in children with CVM. Methods: Fifty-nine children with CVM who had used a cochlear implant for more than 3 years were included. CVM was classified into 4 subtypes based on the morphology of the cochlea and the modiolus on temporal bone computed tomography (TBCT): normal cochlea and normal modiolus (type A, n = 16), malformed cochlea and partial modiolus (type B, n = 31), malformed cochlea and no modiolus (type C, n = 6), and no cochlea and no modiolus (type D, n = 6). Speech perception test scores were compared between the subtypes of CVM using analysis of covariance with post hoc Bonferroni test. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to identify the significant predictors of the speech perception test scores. Results: The speech perception test scores after implantation were significantly better in children with CVM type A or type B than in children with CVM type C or type D. The test scores did not differ significantly between the implanted children with CVM type A or type B and those without CVM. In univariate regression analysis, the type of CVM was a significant predictor of the speech perception test scores in implanted children with CVM. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the age at cochlear implantation, cochlear nerve size and preimplantation speech perception test scores were significant predictors of the postimplantation speech perception test scores. The chance of cochlear nerve deficiency increased progressively from CVM type A to type D. Conclusion: The new classification of CVM based on the morphology of the cochlea and the modiolus is simple and easy to use, and correlated well with postimplantation speech perception ability and cochlear nerve status. This simple classification of CVM using TBCT with cochlear nerve assessment by magnetic resonance imaging is helpful in the preoperative evaluation of children with CVM.

Download Full-text

Microsurgical Management of Hypoglossal Schwannomas Over 3 Decades: A Modified Grading Scale to Guide Surgical Approach

Operative Neurosurgery ◽

10.1227/neu.0b013e318223b637 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 69 (suppl_2) ◽

pp. ons121-ons140 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yoichi Nonaka ◽

Peter M. Grossi ◽

Ketan R. Bulsara ◽

Raymond M. Taniguchi ◽

Allan H. Friedman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sural Nerve ◽

Hypoglossal Nerve ◽

Type A ◽

Nerve Graft ◽

Type B ◽

Nerve Reconstruction ◽

Type D ◽

Grading Scale ◽

Type C ◽

Sural Nerve Graft

Abstract BACKGROUND Schwannomas originating from the hypoglossal nerve are extremely rare. Microsurgical resection with the goal for cure has traditionally been associated with a high risk of postoperative deficits. OBJECTIVE To summarize our clinical experience using tailored cranial base approaches for these formidable lesions. METHODS The clinical records of 13 patients were retrospectively reviewed. In addition, all reported patients in the literature were reviewed. The extreme lateral infrajugular transcondylar-transtubercular exposure approach was used in all of our patients. Based on our experience and literature analysis, we propose the following modified grading scale to facilitate surgical planning: type A, intradural tumors; type B, dumbbell-shaped tumors; type C, extracranial tumors; and type D, peripheral tumors. RESULTS All 13 patients underwent total, near-total, or subtotal tumor resection. Eight patients were men, 5 were women (mean age, 41.7 years). Sural nerve graft reconstruction for the hypoglossal nerve was performed in 4 patients. Three of the 4 patients in whom nerve reconstruction was performed regained satisfactory movement of their tongue. In the review of the literature, the mean patient age was 45.8 years. Patients presented with tongue atrophy (91.6%), headache (60.9%), and dysphagia (31.8%). The tumors were categorized as type A in 31.7% of these patients, type B in 38.6%, type C in 6.2%, and type D in 23.4%. CONCLUSION The extreme lateral infrajugular transcondylar-transtubercular exposure approach, which is a modification of the extreme lateral suboccipital approach, provides sufficient exposure for most intracranial dumbbell-shaped hypoglossal schwannomas. Hypoglossal nerve reconstruction using a sural nerve graft improves tongue atrophy and movement for patients with resected nerves.

Download Full-text

Pigmentary demarcation lines: a clinical profile of 50 subjects and report of new pattern of pigmentation observed

International Journal of Research in Dermatology ◽

10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20182082 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 323

Author(s):

Anju Antony ◽

Pramod Kumar

Keyword(s):

Family History ◽

Type A ◽

Common Type ◽

Type B ◽

Demarcation Line ◽

Abrupt Transition ◽

Type D ◽

History Of ◽

Type C ◽

The Common

Background: Pigmentary demarcation lines (PDL) correspond to a border of abrupt transition between the more deeply pigmented skin of the outer surfaces and the lighter inner surfaces. On the basis of their location they have been classified into eight types, type A to type H. The present study is an attempt to obtain a better understanding of the clinical types of pigmentary demarcation lines in Indians, and to report any previously undescribed patterns of pigmentation.Methods: Patients attending the Outpatient Department for various complaints were examined for the presence of pigmentary demarcation lines, and those with pigmentary demarcation lines were analysed further.Results: 50 subjects of Fitzpatrick skin types 4 and 5, with pigmentary demarcation lines were examined in detail. The various types of pigmentary demarcation lines seen were Type A (38%), Type B (14%), Type C (24%), Type F (22%), Type G (4%), Type H (4%). All types were more common in females with the exception of Type C, which was observed only in males. Type D and Type E PDL were not observed in any of the subjects screened.Conclusions: The most common type of PDL observed in our study was Type A PDL, followed by Type C PDL. The youngest subject was 2 years old, the oldest was aged 75.The majority were seen in adults; Type A and Type C PDL were the common types seen in children. A family history of PDL was present in 5 (10%) and all were females. A hitherto undescribed pigmentary demarcation line is also described along with this study.

Download Full-text

Decomposition of VOC in Air Using a Streamer Corona Discharge Reactor Combined with Catalyst

Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies ◽

10.1515/jaots-2003-0113 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Toshikazu Ohkubo ◽

Duan Li ◽

Daisuke Yakushiji ◽

Seiji Kanazawa ◽

Yukiharu Nomoto

Keyword(s):

Corona Discharge ◽

Catalyst Layer ◽

Type A ◽

Electrode System ◽

Plasma Reactors ◽

Type B ◽

Type D ◽

Streamer Corona ◽

Type C ◽

Basic Configuration

AbstractIn this study, the improvement in the decomposition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was investigated by combining discharge plasma with catalyst. DC streamer corona plasma reactors combined with a catalyst were developed. The basic configuration of the reactors is a multineedle-to-plane mesh electrode system. By changing the position of catalyst against the plasma region, several reactors were developed and compared with each other. As a catalyst, a honeycomb catalyst (Mn type) was tested. A catalyst layer was located between the needles and plane mesh electrodes (type A reactor), or the catalyst layer was placed just behind the mesh electrode (type B reactor). In other reactors, the catalyst layer was followed by the needles-to- plane mesh electrode system (type C reactor) or the catalyst layer was removed (type D reactor). The needles- to-plane mesh electrode system produced the stable streamer corona discharge. The streamers covered the surface of the catalyst layer in the type A and type B reactors. However, the characteristics of the streamer were different for the type A and type B reactors. Toluene (C

Download Full-text

3. Shang and Zhou Bronze Nao Bells Excavated in South China

Early China ◽

10.1017/s036250280000290x ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 9 (S1) ◽

pp. 5-7

Author(s):

Gao Zhixi

Keyword(s):

South China ◽

Type A ◽

Entire Body ◽

Type B ◽

Type D ◽

Type C ◽

Western Zhou ◽

Set Up ◽

Cloud Pattern

ABSTRACTTwenty-two bronze nao-bells dating to the late Shang and early Western Zhou periods have been unearthed from the five southern provinces of Hunan, Jiangsi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Fujian. Of these, sixteen were from Hunan, three from Zhejiang, and one each from the remaining three provinces. These bells can be classified into four categories: type A has an animal mask decoration (eleven examples); type B has a cloud pattern (three examples); type C has nipples (only one example); type D has stalks (mei, seven examples).The nao is a bell that can produce two tones. It can be used in sacrificial offerings as well as war. Because most of these bells have been discovered at the top, mid-section, or foot of mountains or on the banks of a river, we surmise that they may have been used in contemporary sacrifices to the mountains and streams, wind and rain, and stars, etc. Based on the periodization of the style of their shape and decoration we conclude that type A may be as early as late Shang, type B can be assigned to the end of the Shang, type C is from the beginning of the Zhou and type D belongs to the early Western Zhou. They developed from type A to B to C to D and then to the yong-bell. The characteristics of southern nao bells are: they are large, thick and heavy; most have whorls on the circular handle; many animal masks and cloud and lightning patterns are formed from thick lines among the decoration; the entire body is usually covered with decoration; most appear singly, and they were set up on their stands with the mouth facing up. In contrast, northern nao-bells are very small, they have no whorls on the handle, their decoration is simple, and they are unearthed in groups of several together.

Download Full-text

Depositional models for moraine formation in East Antarctic coastal oases

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0022143000003208 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 43 (144) ◽

pp. 256-264 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Sean J. Fitzsimons

Keyword(s):

Type A ◽

Structural Features ◽

Type B ◽

Debris Accumulation ◽

Type D ◽

Unconsolidated Sediment ◽

History Of ◽

Quaternary History ◽

Type C ◽

Depositional Models

AbstractThis paper examines the origin of moraine ridges in East Antarctic coastal oases and derives depositional models appropriate for the reconstruction of Quaternary history. On the basis of morphology, structure and sedimentology, four principal types of ridge may be identified: (1) type A moraines from when the basal debris zone crops out near an ice margin; (2) type B moraines form when large recumbent folds develop in the basal debris zone; (3) type C moraines are ice-contact screes and fans which form when debris accumulates at steep or cliffed ice margins; and (4) type D moraines are thrust-block moraines that form when unconsolidated sediment is entrained by freezing, shearing and thrusting of sediment blocks at the base of the glacier. Simple calculations of the rate of debris accumulation at ice margins suggest that type A, B and C moraines take thousands of years to form and record stable ice margins. Type D moraines are structural features that may form relatively quickly when ice margins override unconsolidated sediment. Constructing models to explain the origin of the moraines is an important part of reconstructing the Quaternary history of Antarctic coastal oases, because the models provide a basis for reconstructing the position and behaviour of the ice sheet during advance and retreat

Download Full-text

Nesting type choice in the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa)

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800055521 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 29-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

R. Robles ◽

M.E. Alonso ◽

J. M. Sánchez ◽

J.A. Olmedo ◽

V.R. Gaudioso

Keyword(s):

Type A ◽

Alectoris Rufa ◽

Type B ◽

Escape Route ◽

Type D ◽

Cone Type ◽

In Captivity ◽

Type C ◽

Nesting Place ◽

Square Box

AbstractIn order to avoid the decrease in the numbers of wild red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa, observed in several areas, the most appropiate solution is to repopulate using animals from game farms. The nesting place chosen by 30 pairs of red-legged partridge in captivity was studied. There were five different nest types combined in groups of three in 30 cages. Type A nest: made with natural bush plants tied together at one end and placed invertedly forming a cone. Type B: made with the same natural bush plants as the previous type but placed over an internal wire structure and having preformed entrances. Type C: a wooden structure in the form of a roof with two slopes. Type D: similar to the type C but on one of the laterals the opaque material only covers the upper half, and a plastic mesh covers the lower half. Type E: a wooden square box covered with an inclined plank of opaque and waterproof material. Our study shows that the type A nest received significantly (P < 0·05) more eggs than the others, possibly because this type of nest allowed for better vigilance and a better sense of protection for the animals. Type E nest was the second most preferred. In this type, the partridge was able to monitor the surroundings through the space between the walls and the roof and this space could be used as an escape route. From a production and industrial perspective, type E has some advantages over type A, being easy to build, clean and disinfect, and allowing the birds to see through the nest.

Download Full-text

Sunrise effect on 40 kHz signal amplitude and its characteristic variation with respect to geomagnetic storms

Canadian Journal of Physics ◽

10.1139/cjp-2014-0319 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 93 (12) ◽

pp. 1574-1582 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Apurba Saha ◽

Anirban Guha ◽

Barin Kumar De

Keyword(s):

Geomagnetic Storms ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Signal Amplitude ◽

Type A ◽

Radio Waves ◽

Type B ◽

Type D ◽

Characteristic Variation ◽

Sunrise Effect ◽

Type C

The sunrise effect is a characteristic feature of very low frequency and low frequency radio waves propagated over a large distance. The 40 kHz signal level, transmitted from Miyakoji station (37.4° N, 140.9° E), Japan, and received at Tripura University (23° N, 91.4° E), is found to be attenuated during sunrise with an enhancement before the decrease in the signal level. On the basis of the nature of attenuation of the observed records from 2005 to 2006, those are classified into four different types, namely, type A (three step attenuation), type B (two step attenuation), type C (one step attenuation), and type D (no attenuation). During geomagnetically active days, 84% of type D cases and 31% of type C cases are observed, whereas only 0.9% of type A cases and 7% of type B cases are observed during geomagnetically active days. The fade amplitude of type C fade is also found to maintain a good negative correlation of 77.3% with the geomagnetic Ap indices over the period of 2 years. From the model calculation it is found that in the altitude range from 65 to 80 km, on average the electron density increases by a factor of 5.22 times during geomagnetically active days versus normal days.

Download Full-text