The effect of increasing rates of nitrogen fertiliser and a nitrification inhibitor on nitrous oxide emissions from urine patches on sheep grazed hill country pasture

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coby J. Hoogendoorn ◽  
Cecile A. M. de Klein ◽  
Alison J. Rutherford ◽  
Selai Letica ◽  
Brian P. Devantier
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Sheep Urine

Urine deposited by grazing animals represents the largest source of N2O emissions in New Zealand. Sheep-grazed hill pastures are an important component of New Zealand pastoral land, but information on N2O emissions from these areas is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing rates of fertiliser nitrogen and of a nitrification inhibitor on N2O emissions from urine patches. The study was carried out in grazed paddock-scale trials at the Ballantrae and Invermay Research Stations, New Zealand. The fertiliser N treatments were 0, 100, 300 and 750 (500 for Invermay) kg N/ha.year. Nitrous oxide measurements were conducted in the spring of 2005 and 2006, following applications of synthetic sheep urine with or without dicyandiamide (DCD) in these four N treatments. In both years and at both sites, N2O emissions increased with N fertiliser application rate in both urine and non-urine affected areas. The addition of DCD to the synthetic urine reduced N2O emissions from the urine affected areas during the measurement period by 60–80% at Ballantrae and by 40% at Invermay. The N2O emission factors for the artificial sheep urine (expressed as N2O-N lost as % of N applied) ranged from 0.01 to 1.06%, with the higher values generally found in the high N fertiliser treatments. The N2O emission factors were generally less than or similar to those from sheep urine applied to flat land pasture.

Estimating nitrous oxide emissions from a dairy farm using a mechanistic, whole farm model and segregated emission factors for New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Vogeler ◽  
Pierre Beukes ◽  
Alvaro Romera ◽  
Rogerio Cichota
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Cart Analysis ◽  
Farm Model ◽  
Farm Scale

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agriculture are generally estimated using default IPCC emission factors (EFs) despite the large variation in measured EFs. We used a classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to segregate measured EFs from direct emissions from urine patches and fertiliser and effluent applications, based on temporal and site-specific factors. These segregated EFs were linked to simulations from the DairyNZ Whole Farm Model to obtain N2O emissions for a typical pasture-based dairy farm in New Zealand. The N2O emissions from urine patches, dung pads, and fertiliser and effluent application, as well as from indirect sources, were aggregated to obtain total N2O emissions for the farm-scale. The results, based on segregated EFs, were compared with those obtained using New Zealand-specific EFs. On-farm N2O emissions based on these segregated EFs were 5% lower than those based on New Zealand-specific EFs. Improved farm management by avoiding grazing, effluent, and N fertiliser application during periods of high risk for N2O emissions, or by the use of mitigation technologies such as nitrification inhibitors, could reduce annual farm scale N2O emissions.

Effect of dicyandiamide (DCD) on nitrous oxide emissions from cow urine deposited on a pasture soil, as influenced by DCD application method and rate

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 350 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Luo ◽  
S. Ledgard ◽  
B. Wise ◽  
S. Lindsey
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Urine Patch ◽  
Reduction Effect

Animal urine deposited on pastoral soils during grazing is recognised as a dominant source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), is a potential mitigation technology to control N2O emissions from urine patches on grazed pastures. One delivery option is to include DCD in animal feed so that the DCD is targeted directly in the urine patch when excreted in the animal urine. The hypothesis tested in the present study was that DCD in urine, excreted by cows that were orally administered with DCD, would have the same effect as DCD added to urine after the urine is excreted. The study also aimed to determine the most effective DCD rate for reducing N2O emissions. Fresh dairy cow urine (700 kg N per ha) was applied to a free-draining silt loam pastoral soil in Waikato, New Zealand, in May (late autumn) or July (winter) of 2014, and was mixed with DCD at rates of 0, 10, 30 and 60 kg/ha. In late autumn, there was an equivalent treatment of urine (containing 60 kg DCD per ha) from DCD-treated cows. A static chamber technique was used to determine gaseous N2O emissions. An annual emission factor (EF3; the percentage of applied urine N lost as N2O-N) of 0.23% or 0.21% was found following late-autumn or winter applications of urine without DCD. Late-autumn application of urine containing DCD from oral administration to cows had the same significant reduction effect on N2O emissions as did DCD that was mixed with urine after excretion, at the equivalent DCD application rate of 60 kg/ha. Application of urine with DCD mixed with the urine after excretion at varying DCD rates showed a significant (P < 0.05) linear decrease in both N2O emissions and EF3 values.

Estimating a nitrous oxide emission factor for animal urine from some New Zealand pastoral soils

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecile A. M. de Klein ◽  
Louise Barton ◽  
Robert R. Sherlock ◽  
Zheng Li ◽  
Roger P. Littlejohn
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Drainage Class ◽  
Background Levels ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
N2o Emission Factor

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology estimates that over 50% of total nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in New Zealand derive from animal excreta-N deposited during grazing. The emission factor for excreta-N as used by this methodology has an important impact on New Zealand's total N2O inventory. The objectives of this study were to refine the N2O emission factor for urine by simultaneously measuring N2O emissions from 5 pastoral soils of different drainage class, in 3 different regions in New Zealand following a single application of urine; plus test various aspects of the soil cover method for determining emission factors. Cow urine and synthetic urine was applied to pastoral soils in autumn 2000 and N2O emissions were measured using closed flux chambers at regular intervals for 4–18 months following application. The N2O emission factors for cow urine estimated for the first 4 months after urine application varied greatly depending on rainfall and soil drainage class, and ranged from 0.3 to 2.5% of the urine-N applied, suggesting that adopting a single emission factor for New Zealand may be inappropriate. The largest emission factor was found in a poorly drained soil, and the lowest emission factor was found in a well-drained stony soil. Ongoing measurements on one of the soils resulted in an increase in emission factors as the N2O emissions had not reached background levels 4 months after urine application. To characterise urine-induced N2O emissions, we recommend measurements continue until N2O emissions from urine-amended soil return to background levels. Furthermore, we recommend using real animal urine rather than synthetic urine in studies when determining the N2O emission factor for urine.

Greenhouse gas emissions from dung, urine and dairy pond sludge applied to pasture. 1. Nitrous oxide emissions

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Ward ◽  
K. B. Kelly ◽  
J. W. Hollier
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Gas Emissions

Nitrous oxide (N2O) from excreta deposited by grazing ruminants is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions in Australia. Experiments to measure N2O emissions from dairy cow dung, urine and pond sludge applied to pasture, and the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin in reducing these emissions, were conducted in south-western Victoria, Australia. In Experiment 1, emissions from urine, with and without nitrapyrin, and from dung were measured. Treatments applied in September 2013 resulted in cumulative emissions (245 days) of 0.60, 5.35, 4.15 and 1.02 kg N2O-nitrogen (N)/ha for the nil, urine (1000 kg N/ha), urine (1000 kg N/ha) + nitrapyrin (1 kg active ingredients/ha), and dung (448 kg N/ha) treatments, respectively, giving emission factors of 0.47% and 0.09% for urine and dung respectively. Nitrapyrin reduced N2O emissions from urine for 35 days, with an overall reduction in emissions of 25%. In Experiment 2, sludge, with and without nitrapyrin, was applied in May 2014, and dung was applied in May, August, November 2014 and January 2015. Cumulative emissions (350 days) were 0.19, 0.49, 0.31 and 0.39 kg N2O-N/ha for the nil, sludge (308 kg N/ha), sludge (308 kg N/ha) + nitrapyrin (1 kg active ingredients/ha), and dung (total 604 kg N/ha) treatments, respectively, giving emission factors of 0.10% and 0.03% for sludge and dung. Nitrapyrin reduced N2O emissions from sludge for 60 days, with an overall reduction in emissions of 59%. A third experiment on two soil types compared emissions from urine and dung, with and without nitrapyrin, applied in different seasons of the year. Emissions were highly seasonal and strongly related to soil water status. Emission factors (90 days) ranged from 0.02% to 0.19% for urine and 0.01% to 0.12% for dung. Nitrapyrin reduced emissions from urine by 0–35% and had little effect on emissions from dung. Overall, the experiments found that nitrapyrin was an effective tool in reducing emissions from urine, dung and sludge applied to pasture, but the magnitude varied across the year, with nitrapyrin being most effective when soils had >70% water-filled pore space when major emissions occurred.

scholarly journals The effect of DCD on nitrogen losses from sheep urine patches applied to lysimeters in autumn

2010 ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Moir ◽  
M.A. Wild ◽  
K.C. Cameron ◽  
H.J. Di
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Nitrogen Losses ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Sheep Urine

The intensification of modern pastoral agriculture has increased the risk of environmental degradation. The use of nitrification inhibitor technology has been shown to reduce nitrate (no3-) leaching losses and nitrous oxide (n2o) emissions from new Zealand dairy pasture systems.

scholarly journals Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pineapple Cultivation on a Tropical Peat Soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4928
Author(s):  
Alicia Vanessa Jeffary ◽  
Osumanu Haruna Ahmed ◽  
Roland Kueh Jui Heng ◽  
Liza Nuriati Lim Kim Choo ◽  
Latifah Omar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Natural State ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Peat Soils

Farming systems on peat soils are novel, considering the complexities of these organic soil. Since peat soils effectively capture greenhouse gases in their natural state, cultivating peat soils with annual or perennial crops such as pineapples necessitates the monitoring of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, especially from cultivated peat lands, due to a lack of data on N2O emissions. An on-farm experiment was carried out to determine the movement of N2O in pineapple production on peat soil. Additionally, the experiment was carried out to determine if the peat soil temperature and the N2O emissions were related. The chamber method was used to capture the N2O fluxes daily (for dry and wet seasons) after which gas chromatography was used to determine N2O followed by expressing the emission of this gas in t ha−1 yr−1. The movement of N2O horizontally (832 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) during the dry period was higher than in the wet period (599 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) because of C and N substrate in the peat soil, in addition to the fertilizer used in fertilizing the pineapple plants. The vertical movement of N2O (44 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) was higher in the dry season relative to N2O emission (38 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) during the wet season because of nitrification and denitrification of N fertilizer. The peat soil temperature did not affect the direction (horizontal and vertical) of the N2O emission, suggesting that these factors are not related. Therefore, it can be concluded that N2O movement in peat soils under pineapple cultivation on peat lands occurs horizontally and vertically, regardless of season, and there is a need to ensure minimum tilling of the cultivated peat soils to prevent them from being an N2O source instead of an N2O sink.

The nitrification inhibitor DMPP applied to subtropical rice has an inconsistent effect on nitrous oxide emissions

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry J. Rose ◽  
Stephen G. Morris ◽  
Peter Quin ◽  
Lee J. Kearney ◽  
Stephen Kimber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Aerobic Rice ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Peak Flux ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Fertiliser Application

Although there is growing evidence that the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) can lower soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in temperate environments, there is little evidence of its efficacy in subtropical or tropical environments where temperatures and rainfall intensities are typically higher. We investigated N2O emissions in field-grown aerobic rice in adjacent fields in the 2013–14 and 2014–15 seasons in a subtropical environment. Crops were topdressed with 80 kg nitrogen (N) ha–1 before rainfall, as either urea, urea + DMPP (at 1.6 kg DMPP t–1 urea: ‘urea-DMPP’) or a blend of 50% urea and 50% urea-DMPP in the 2013–14 season, and urea, urea-DMPP or polymer (3 month)-coated urea (PCU) in the 2014–15 season. DMPP-urea significantly (P < 0.05) lowered soil N2O emissions in the 2013–14 season during the peak flux period after N fertiliser application, but had no effect in 2014–15. The mean cumulative N2O emissions over the entire growing period were 190 g N2O-N ha–1 in 2013–14 and 413 g N2O-N ha–1 in 2014–15, with no significant effect of DMPP or PCU. Our results demonstrate that DMPP can lower N2O emissions in subtropical, aerobic rice during peak flux events following N fertiliser application in some seasons, but inherent variability in climate and soil N2O emissions limited the ability to detect significant differences in cumulative N2O flux over the seasonal assessment. A greater understanding of how environmental and soil factors impact the efficacy of DMPP in the subtropics is needed to formulate appropriate guidelines for its use commercially.

scholarly journals Emission factors for estimating fertiliser-induced nitrous oxide emissions from clay soils in Australia’s irrigated cotton industry

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Grace ◽  
Iurii Shcherbak ◽  
Ben Macdonald ◽  
Clemens Scheer ◽  
David Rowlings
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Cotton Industry ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Inventories ◽  
N Rates

As a significant user of nitrogen (N) fertilisers, the Australian cotton industry is a major source of soil-derived nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. A country-specific (Tier 2) fertiliser-induced emission factor (EF) can be used in national greenhouse gas inventories or in the development of N2O emissions offset methodologies provided the EFs are evidence based. A meta-analysis was performed using eight individual N2O emission studies from Australian cotton studies to estimate EFs. Annual N2O emissions from cotton grown on Vertosols ranged from 0.59kgNha–1 in a 0N control to 1.94kgNha–1 in a treatment receiving 270kgNha–1. Seasonal N2O estimates ranged from 0.51kgNha–1 in a 0N control to 10.64kgNha–1 in response to the addition of 320kgNha–1. A two-component (linear+exponential) statistical model, namely EF (%)=0.29+0.007(e0.037N – 1)/N, capped at 300kgNha–1 describes the N2O emissions from lower N rates better than an exponential model and aligns with an EF of 0.55% using a traditional linear regression model.

The effectiveness of dicyandiamide in reducing nitrous oxide emissions from a cattle-grazed, winter forage crop in Southland, New Zealand

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Smith ◽  
C. A. M. de Klein ◽  
R. M. Monaghan ◽  
W. D. Catto
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Spring Period ◽  
Simulated Grazing

A study was conducted in Southland, New Zealand to: (i) measure nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrate (NO3–-N) leaching losses from a cattle-grazed, winter forage crop; and (ii) quantify the effect of dicyandiamide (DCD) in reducing these losses. Drainage losses were measured for 12 months (December 2005–November 2006) from a December-sown kale crop using 12 hydrologically isolated drainage plots at the Woodlands Research Station. N2O emissions were measured for 6 months (June–November) following simulated grazing of the crop in mid-June. N2O emissions from the bare ground following grazing of the crop amounted to 3.6 kg nitrogen (N)/ha for the winter–spring period. This figure is higher than that measured for pasture on the same soil type over a similar period. DCD application significantly reduced N2O emissions for the whole crop area by 25% over this period and reduced the N2O emission factor for urine by 54%. DCD application increased the length of time mineral N (0–10 cm soil depth) was maintained in the ammonium form and significantly reduced soil NO3–-N levels for 6 weeks following the simulated grazing. Annual NO3–-N losses in drainage under this winter forage crop were relatively high at 79 kg N/ha.year, with the majority of this (67%) being lost over the wet summer months (December–January rainfall 434 mm or 200% of normal) during crop growth. The application of DCD following the grazing resulted in a 47% decrease in NO3–-N leached over the winter–spring period (26 kg N/ha v. 14 kg N/ha) with this equating to a 29% decrease over the full 12-month measurement period. This study suggested that winter forage crops are major contributors to N losses from livestock farming systems in Southland and that DCD application following the grazing of such crops by cattle can significantly reduce N2O emissions and leaching N losses.

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