Response of oats to seeding rate and nitrogen in the southern wheat belt of New South Wales

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (67) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
OR Southwood ◽  
F Mengersen ◽  
PJ Milham
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
New South ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Oat Cultivars

The effect of three rates of nitrogen (22.4, 44.8 and 89.6 kgNha-1 as anhydrous ammonia) and three seeding rates (67.3, 100.9, and 134.5 kg ha-1) on forage and grain production of two oat cultivars and on herbage nitrate-nitrogen concentration, was assessed at three sites in the southern New South Wales wheat belt. When oats were sown after two or three consecutive wheat crops nitrogen at 22.4 kg ha-1 was optimal for both forage and grain production. Herbage growth was best at the highest seeding rate (134.5 kg ha-1) but grain production was not influenced by seeding rate. Herbage growth of the oat cultivars Cooba and Coolabah was similar, but grain yields were higher from the latter. Herbage nitrate nitrogen increased linearly with nitrogen fertilizer application, levels that could be toxic to animals occurring in June. Cautious grazing management may be required during this period.

Performance of temperate legumes and associated grasses on granitic soils of low fertility in the New England region of New South Wales

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (77) ◽  
pp. 795 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Thompson
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

A range of temperate annual and perennial legumes, naturalized or commonly sown in the area, was examined at three field sites in low fertility soils derived from granite on the south western slopes of the New England Region, New South Wales. They were compared over a four year period in terms of their persistence, dry matter and nitrogen production and their compatibility with associated temperate perennial grasses, The response of sown grass to nitrogen fertilizer application was also examined in the absence of legume. Ten legumes were examined at one site and six of these at the other two sites. In general, nitrogen yields were ranked similarly to total dry matter yields of all treatments, including grasses in the absence of legume. However, the legumes were ranked differently in terms of productivity of the legume component and productivity of associated grass. At all sites lucerne gave the highest yields of total dry matter and of legume and the lowest yield and persistence of associated grass-comparable to grass growing in the absence of legume or applied nitrogen. Subterranean clover was ranked second or third in total dry matter yield, depending on site, but provided the highest yield of associated grasscomparable to grass receiving high levels of applied nitrogen. Under this legume soil nitrogen levels tended to be highest. Rose clover, sown at one site only, yielded more legume dry matter than subterranean clover but grass yield was comparable to that with lucerne. The results suggest that subterranean clover is the superior legume for successful mixed sowings although inclusion of white clover could be justified. Lucerne appears to be best sown as a pure sward.

The effect of sowing rate on the yield and composition of wheat grown on soils of high fertility in southern New South Wales

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wide Range

The effects of the different sowing rates of 20, 40, and 60 lb of seed an acre on the yield, bushel weight, composition, and response to fertilizers, of wheat grown on soils of high fertility has been studied in seven field experiments in the wheat-belt of southern New South Wales. Seasonal conditions ranged from drought to lush growing conditions and in addition one experiment was irrigated to reduce the effects of moisture stress on plant growth. Yields ranged from 10 to 70 bushels of wheat an acre and fertilizer treatments gave both positive and negative effects. For the wide range of growth conditions, variation in seeding rate had only small and non-significant effects on grain yields, with the exception of the irrigated experiment where a consistent trend indicated the need for higher seeding rates for maximum yield. Effects of the seeding rates on grain size and composition and fertilizer response, were negligible. Losses in potential grain yield, caused by the exhaustion of soil moisture reserves by excessive vegetative growth of high fertility soils before grain development has been completed, does not seem to be reduced appreciably by the use of low seeding rates.

Sustainable grazing systems for the Central Tablelands of New South Wales. 5. A bioeconomic framework for assessing the long-term economic benefits of grazing management tactics and implications for sustainability

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Jones ◽  
P. M. Dowling ◽  
D. L. Michalk ◽  
W. McG. King
Keyword(s):  
Programming Model ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Sustainable Grazing ◽  
Management Tactics

There have been significant declines in the perennial grass (PG) content in native and sown pastures across temperate Australia. Not only has this reduced agricultural productivity, it has contributed to more serious degradation, such as loss of soil and biodiversity, decreasing water quality, and dryland salinity caused by rising watertables. Results from the Sustainable Grazing Systems Key Program (SGS) research undertaken at Carcoar on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales were reported by Michalk et al. (2003). This research indicated that grazing management tactics can be used to manipulate pasture composition, thereby changing animal production and water-use patterns. The main grazing tactic investigated was termed a summer grazing rest, where resting was imposed in late spring if PG composition was <50%. Reported in this present paper is an economic framework for valuing the long-term benefits of grazing management tactics. The framework involves the development of a bioeconomic modelling system that links a dynamic programming model with biophysical models for water and environmental processes, soil fertility, pasture growth, livestock energy requirements and the change in pasture species composition. The study concludes that long-term economic returns are improved by strategies, e.g. a summer rest, that lead to an increase in PG composition over time. The study also determined that environmental factors, such as deep drainage, runoff and soil loss, are reduced as perenniality is increased.

Patterns in groundwater nitrogen concentration in the floodplain of a subtropical stream (Wollombi Brook, New South Wales)

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Lamontagne ◽  
Andrew L. Herczeg ◽  
John C. Dighton ◽  
Jaswant S. Jiwan ◽  
Jodie L. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Groundwater Nitrogen ◽  
Subtropical Stream

SGS Animal Production Theme: effect of grazing system on animal productivity and sustainability across southern Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Graham ◽  
B. R. Cullen ◽  
G. M. Lodge ◽  
M. H. Andrew ◽  
B. P. Christy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Growing Season Length ◽  
North East ◽  
South Wales

The effects of various grazing management systems on sown, naturalised, and native pastures were studied at 6 different locations in the temperate high rainfall zone (HRZ, >600 mm rainfall/year) of southern Australia, as part of the Sustainable Grazing Systems (SGS) Program. The treatments examined had different pasture species and fertiliser management, with grazing method ranging from set stocking (continuous grazing) to rotation with rests based on pre- and post-grazing herbage mass or season and plant phenology. Sites were located at: Albany, Western Australia; Manilla, Barraba, Nundle, New South Wales; (grazed by wethers); and Carcoar, New South Wales; Maindample, Ruffy, north-east Victoria; Vasey, western Victoria; (grazed by ewes and lambs).Grazing method significantly (P<0.001) influenced stocking rate (expressed as dry sheep equivalents (DSE)/ha), but effects were not consistent across sites. At Vasey the stocking rate of the rotation treatments ranged from 5 to 23% higher than the set stocked treatments depending upon year. For all sites, significant factors (P<0.001) affecting stocking rate were soil Olsen P, soil pH, grazing management (resting), legume percent, and an index of growing season effectiveness. Although total annual rainfall had a significant effect (P<0.002) in an initial analysis, its influence became non-significant (P>0.05), when a growing season index (P<0.001) was used. Non-significant (P>0.05) factors included solar radiation, annual average temperature, fertiliser applied in the current year, and average annual perennial and broadleaf percent composition. The implications of these data for productivity and sustainability (as assessed by perenniality and water use) were encouraging. Generally, there were positive relationships between increased stocking rate and the probability of achieving a zero mm soil water surplus in winter, and between increased productivity and the proportion of perennial grass species where extremes of treatments were compared at each site. The results indicate that stocking rate can be increased without jeopardising sustainability, that grazing management can bring about more sustainable pastures, that there is scope to increase productivity particularly through increasing soil fertility, and growing season length can be used to predict potential carrying capacity. These are positive outcomes that graziers in the HRZ of southern Australia can use to enhance productivity (thus profitability) and sustainability.

Effects of four grazing management systems on the production and persistence of dryland lucerne in central western New South Wales

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (62) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
South Wales

During an experiment conducted for eighteen months at Condobolin, New South Wales, the production and persistence of dryland lucerne grazed by Merino wethers at 10 ha-1 yr-1 were measured under set stocking and three rotational grazing treatments differing in length of spelling period between grazings (grazed one week in four, six or eight weeks). The results showed that although dry matter availability and lucerne survival increased with decreased grazing frequency, only 35 per cent of the lucerne survived in the treatment with the slowest rotation.

Effect of seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer on production of autumn sown rape (Brassica napus) on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (38) ◽  
pp. 350 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Gramshaw ◽  
FC Crofts
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
South Wales

Two factorial field experiments, comparing the effects of a range of seeding rates and levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the winter and early spring yield of rape (Brassica napus CV. Dwarf Essex) sown in early autumn, were conducted in two successive years near Orange (33.2�S, 149.1�E), New South Wales. Average annual rainfall is 34 inches and winter mean temperatures range from 42-45�F. Seeding rates of from 9 to 15 lb an acre and nitrogen fertilizer at 80 lb N an acre at seeding gave near optimum winter and early spring yields. This combination gave a three-fold increase in yield over sowings at 3 lb an acre without nitrogen fertilizer. The responses to seeding rate and nitrogen were independent in winter, but these factors interacted to affect yield in early spring. The dry matter content of rape varied between 11.5 and 19.3 per cent and was generally unaffected by seeding rate, but tended to decrease slightly with increased nitrogen level. Nitrogen percentage, which fluctuated between 2.18 and 3.61, was little affected by increased seeding rate and generally showed a small increase with increasing levels of applied nitrogen.

The influence of seasonal pasture production and grazing management on seasonal wool growth

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (18) ◽  
pp. 252 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Summer Minimum ◽  
Autumn And Winter

The wool growth by Merino ewes grazed on sown annual pastures and by Merino weaners grazed on sown perennial pastures was measured at six-weekly intervals for three years. The ewes were from four groups with different grazing treatments and the weaners were from two grazing treatments. Wool was clipped from tattooed mid-side areas and the weight of clean, oven-dry wool in each sample was determined and staple length and fibre diameter measured. In all pears and in all groups of sheep there were seasonal fluctuations in weight, length, and fibre diameter of the wool. Growth was rapid during autumn and late spring but retarded during winter and summer. With few exceptions the summer and winter minima were not significantly different. The exceptions were mainly due to the summer minimum for a group being less than the winter minimum for the same group ; only in two cases was the summer minimum significantly greater than the winter minimum, and in both of these there was drought during the autumn and winter. The results, obtained at Canberra, A.C.T., are considered representative of the southern and central tablelands of New South Wales.

Excess soil nitrogen and the yield and uptake of nitrogen by wheat in southern New South Wales

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (18) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Storrier
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Ear Number

Ammonium sulphate was added at rates up to 150 lb nitrogen an acre to a soil containing 149 lb mineral nitrogen per acre-18 Inches at sowing, and the seasonal distribution of mineral nitrogen in the soil, nitrogen uptake, and yield of wheat was measured in a better than average season. Some of the applied fertilizer, at all rates of application, was taken up by the crop and resulted in increased dry matter yield and plant nitrogen content at jointing. However, at harvest, total dry matter and grain yield were depressed at all levels of fertilizer application. Grain yield was depressed from 40.5 to 30.5 bushels an acre with the addition of 150 lb nitrogen an acre.Yield potential, as represented by tiller production and spikelets per ear, was increased by fertilizer application, but ear number, grains per ear, and weight per grain, were depressed. Grain number per ear was the principle component of yield under the experimental conditions. Moisture stress and competition for light were responsible for an increase in tiller mortality, which resulted in the depression in ear number with increasing nitrogen supply. Inter-tiller competition for available moisture during the pre-anthesis period caused a decrease in grain number per ear, from 19.3 in the control to 16.6 at the maximum fertilizer rate. It is suggested that inter-tiller competition for available moisture during the pre-anthesis period is an important factor in determining potential grain yield in wheat grown on high fertility soils in southern New South Wales.

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