THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOWING TIMES ON FRESH EAR YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN SWEET CORN (ZEA MAYS L. SACCHARATA STURT.) VARIETIES

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different sowing times on duration of tasselling, plant height, first ear height, ear length, ear diameter, number of ears per plant, fresh ear yield with husk, fresh ear yield unhusked, and marketable number of ears of different sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt.) varieties in Diyarbakır between the years of 2010-2012. The trial was conducted as split plots in randomised complete blocks with three replications. The main plots were sowing times, and the sub-plots were varieties. The trials were carried out at eight different sowing times (1 April, 15 April, 1 May, 15 May, 1 June, 15 June, 1 July and 15 July) with ‘Merit’, ‘Jubilee’, ‘Lumina’, ‘Vega’ and ‘Sakarya’ composite sweet corn varieties. From the variance analysis of the three-year combined average, the duration of tasselling, plant height, first ear height, ear length, ear diameter, number of ears per plant, fresh husked ear yield, fresh unhusked ear yield and marketable ear number were statistically significant for sowing times and varieties. According to the sowing time × variety interaction, except ears per plant and first ear height values, all other traits were significant. The fresh husked and unhusked ear yields varied between 8541.7-19396.8 kg ha-1 and 5065.0-13485.7 kg ha-1, respectively. The highest fresh husked and fresh unhusked ear yields were obtained from the 15 April sowing time of ‘Vega’ variety. The results state that optimal sowing dates for different varieties of sweet corn could be from 1 April to 1 May, and the most suitable variety to be planted is ‘Vega’ in Diyarbakır conditions.

Inheritance of Special Productivity Characters by Hybrids F1 of Spring Triticale in the Conditions of the Vladimir Region

The main method of breeding spring hexaploid Triticale is intravariety hybridization. At the same time, the effectiveness of breeding work depends on the correct selection of parental forms for crosses. However, the parental forms show different combining ability according to selective characteristics. In this regard, selection is more effective if it is based on information about their inheritance obtained through genetic analysis. The purpose of the research is to study the nature of inheritance of the main characteristics of productivity of the main ear (number of spikelets per ear, number of grains per ear, weight of grain per ear, weight of 1000 grains) hybrids of spring triticale F1 in agroecological conditions of the Vladimir region. The material of the study was 20 reciprocal hybrid combinations of spring triticale in comparison with the parental forms. To create hybrids of the first generation, four varieties of domestic selection and one Belarusian with high indicators of economically valuable traits were involved in hybridization. A different degree of phenotypic dominance has been established, which determines the type of inheritance of quantitative signs of productivity of the main ear. Reciprocal F1 hybrids differed in the degree of dominance from depression (negative overdominance) to heterosis (positive overdominance). The heterosis effect depended on which parental form was taken for the maternal, and which for the paternal. Hybrid F1 combinations with a high degree of overdominance of the main characteristics of the productivity of the main ear are identified: Lotas × Norman, Norman × Lotas, Norman × Grebeschok, Amigo × Grebeschok, Amigo × Norman.

Effect of combinations of fertilizers on yield and quality of three maize varieties

"A field experiment was carried out during autumn season of 2019 to study the effect of combination of mineral fertilizers, moringa leaf extract and tryptophan acid on yield and quality of three synthetic varieties of maize and the possibility of replacing part of the mineral fertilizers with these organic maters.The experiment included three synthetic varieties of maize (bohooth-5018, Baghdad-3 and Sumer) in the main plots and five fertilizer treatments(application mineral fertilizer as recommended, application 50% of mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 3% , application 50% mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 6% , application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 50 ppm and application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 100 ppm ) in the sub plots. The results showed that maize varieties had no-significant difference in all studied characters. Application 50% mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 6% gave the highest grain yield(8.732 tan ha-1) and all its components (number of ears per plant, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row) and oil percentage (10.72%).While application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 100 ppm was superior in weight of 500 grains (108.89 g) and protein percentage (3.91%)."

Effect of combinations of fertilizers on yield and quality of three maize varieties

"A field experiment was carried out during autumn season of 2019 to study the effect of combination of mineral fertilizers, moringa leaf extract and tryptophan acid on yield and quality of three synthetic varieties of maize and the possibility of replacing part of the mineral fertilizers with these organic maters.The experiment included three synthetic varieties of maize (bohooth-5018, Baghdad-3 and Sumer) in the main plots and five fertilizer treatments(application mineral fertilizer as recommended, application 50% of mineral fertilizer+ spraying moringa leaf extract at 3% , application 50% mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 6% , application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 50 ppm and application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 100 ppm ) in the sub plots. The results showed that maize varieties had no-significant difference in all studied characters. Application 50% mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 6% gave the highest grain yield(8.732 tan ha-1) and all its components (number of ears per plant, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row) and oil percentage (10.72%).While application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 100 ppm was superior in weight of 500 grains (108.89 g) and protein percentage (3.91%)."

USO DE BIOATIVADOR ASSOCIADO À DOSAGENS DE FERTILIZANTE FOSFATADO NA CULTURA DO MILHO

Os gastos com fertilizantes representam a maior parte dos custos de produção de grãos no Brasil. Cerca de 70% dos fertilizantes fosfatados adicionados aos solos são indisponibilizados pela fixação de P em constituintes mineralógicos dos solos tropicais. Novas tecnologias têm sido desenvolvidas visando reduzir esta fixação por meio da utilização de bioativadores de solo e planta. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do bioativador e doses de fertilizante fosfatado sobre a produção do milho. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Bambuí em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com oito tratamentos e cinco repetições, totalizando quarenta unidades experimentais. Cada unidade experimental foi composta por quatro linhas de plantio com sete metros de comprimento, com espaçamento entre linhas de cinquenta centímetros. As variáveis avaliadas foram: altura das plantas, altura de inserção das espigas, diâmetro do colmo, comprimento da espiga, diâmetro da espiga, número de fileiras por espiga, número de grãos por fileira, massa de mil grãos, produtividade e os teores de P e K no solo. Nas condições em que o trabalho foi desenvolvido, observou-se que a adubação completa sem adição de bioativador proporcionou maior desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas de milho, no entanto, sem conversão em aumento de produtividade. Palavras-chave: fósforo; bioestimulante; produtividade. Use of bioactivator associated to phosphate fertilizer doses in corn culture ABSTRACT: Fertilizer expenditures represent the bulk of grain production costs in Brazil. About 80% of the phosphate fertilizers added to the soils are consumed by fixing P to mineralogical constituents of the tropical soils. New technologies have been developed to reduce this fixation through the use of soil and plant bioactivators. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the bioactivator and doses of phosphate fertilizer on maize production. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and five replicates, totaling forty experimental units. Each experimental unit was composed of four planting lines with seven meters in length, spaced between lines of fifty centimeters. The variables evaluated were: plant height, ear insertion height, stem diameter, ear length, ear diameter, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, mass of one thousand grains, productivity and P and K in soil. Under the conditions in which the work was developed, it was observed that the complete fertilization without addition of bioactivator provided greater vegetative development of the corn plants, however, without conversion in increase of productivity. Key words: phosphorus; biostimulant; productivity.

Analysis of growth and agronomic characteristics of off-season corn grown insuccession with soybean and submitted to nitrogen doses

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer management strategies for the cultivation of off-season corn grown in succession to soybean can be established by growth analysis. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the growth and agronomic performance of corn in the off-season due to nitrogen levels in an Oxisol of the Cerrado of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks, arranged in a split-plot scheme, with six replications. The plots were formed by five nitrogen doses (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 of N), and the time of evaluation of the corn development parameters (30, 45, 60 and 75 days after emergency (DAE)) constituted the subplots. The source of N used was urea (45% N), with 30 DAE applied. The cultivar Invictus Viptera 3 of corn was cultivated in the off-season. Plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, dry mass of the plant shoot, physiological indexes of growth analysis were evaluated at 30, 40, 60 and 75 DAE. In the flowering period of corn, after the emission of the female inflorescence, were determined the indirect readings of the leaf chlorophyll, leaf N, height plant, and height of the ear insertion. At the physiological maturity of the grain was evaluated height of ear insertion, ear length, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row and ear diameter, the mass of a thousand grains, and grain yield. The 160 kg ha-1 dose of N showed better performance and higher morphophysiological indices for corn off-season in succession to the soybean crop. However, the higher grain yield of corn was obtained with the 126 kg ha-1 of N.

WEED CONTROL IN “LL” MAIZE TOLERANT TO GLUFOSINATE-AMMONIUM

The glufosinate-ammonium is an herbicide with contact action and, whenused in tolerant LL maize, requires associations with other products to improve the weed control spectrum and increase the residual period in the area. The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy and selectivity of glufosinate-ammonium, applied alone and in combination with other herbicides, for weed control in maize crops. The treatments consisted of two strategies. In the first one, the following herbicides were applied in pre-emergence conditions: atrazine, [atrazine + simazine], [atrazine + oil], [atrazine + S-metolachlor], and S-metolachlor; with the subsequent application of glufosinate-ammonium in post-emergence condition of maize. The second application method corresponded to the use of glufosinate-ammonium, alone and combined with nicosulfuron + mesotrione and the other products used in the first strategy, in addition to two control areas, being one weed-infested and the other weed-free. Phytotoxicity on maize and weed control were assessed. Ear insertion height, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, thousand grain weight and maize yield were determined upon harvesting. The herbicides were effective and did not cause yield loss to the crop. The herbicides applied in combination with glufosinate-ammonium were efficient in regard to weed control and selective to maize.

EFEITOS DOS ADUBOS VERDES NO MILHO IRRIGADO SOB PLANTIO DIRETO

EFEITOS DOS ADUBOS VERDES NO MILHO IRRIGADO SOB PLANTIO DIRETO WALBER CESAR VIEIRA FILHO ¹; VANESSA DE FÁTIMA GRAH PONCIANO 2; SIHÉLIO JULIO SILVA CRUZ 3; ISAAC DE MATOS PONCIANO 4; SILVIA SANIELLE COSTA DE OLIVEIRA 5 E UELITON SOUSA FERREIRA6 1 Discente do curso de Agronomia, IF Goiano Campus Iporá, Av. Oeste, 350, Parque União, Iporá, Goiás, Brasil. [email protected] 2 Professora, IF Goiano Campus Iporá, Av. Oeste, 350, Parque União, Iporá, Goiás, Brasil. [email protected] 3 Professor, IF Goiano Campus Iporá, Av. Oeste, 350, Parque União, Iporá, Goiás, Brasil. [email protected] 4 Professor, Faculdade de Iporá, R. Serra Cana Brava, 512, Boa Vista, Iporá, Goiás, Brasil. [email protected] 5 Professora, IF Goiano Campus Iporá, Av. Oeste, 350, Parque União, Iporá, GO. [email protected] 6 Engenheiro Agrônomo, R. José Bonifácio, Centro, Amorinópolis, Goiás, Brasil. [email protected] 1 RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes coberturas vegetais sobre o crescimento e produção de biomassa de milho para produção de silagem em sistema de cultivo irrigado por gotejamento. O experimento foi conduzido durante o ano agrícola de 2019, em um Neossolo quartzarênico argiloso, na área experimental da Fazenda Escola da IF Goiano Campos-Iporá. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, sendo cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos empregados foram: T1) Área em pousio, T2) Crotalária, T3) Mavuno, T4) Lab-lab, T5) Aries. Aos 88 dias após a semeadura, quando as plantas de milho atingiram o ponto de corte para produção de silagem, foram avaliados diâmetro de colmo, altura de inserção da primeira espiga, número de espigas, diâmetro e comprimento das espigas. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Os adubos verdes apresentaram diferença no desenvolvimento do milho quando comparados com área em pousio, os adubos verdes que apresentaram maiores efeitos foram o capim Mavuno e a Crotalária. Keywords: Zea mays L., Capim Mavuno, Crotalaria spectabilis VIEIRA FILHO, W. C.; GRAH PONCIANO, V. F.; CRUZ, S. J. S.; PONCIANO, I. M.; OLIVEIRA, S. S. C.; FERREIRA, U. S. EFFECTS OF GREEN MANURES IN IRRIGATED CORN UNDER NO-TILLAGE 2 ABSTRACT The work aimed to evaluate the effect of different green manure on the growth and production of corn biomass for silage production in the drip-irrigated cultivation system. The experiment was conducted during the 2019 agricultural year, in a Neossolo quartzarênico argiloso in the experimental area at Farm School of IF Goiano Campos-Iporá. The experimental plot used was randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments used were T1) Fallow, T2) Crotalária, T3) Mavuno, T4) Lab-lab, T5) Aries. Field evaluations were made 88 days after emergence: height of insertion of the first ear, number of ears, stem diameter. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5% significance. The green manure difference in the development of the corn when compared with fallow area, the green manures that dissipate the greatest effects were Mavuno grass and Crotalária. Keywords: Zea mays L., Capim Mavuno, Crotalaria spectabilis

Nitrogen Fertilizer Management and Maize Straw Return Modulate Yield and Nitrogen Balance in Sweet Corn

Nitrogen fertilizer is an important component of crop production; however, its excessive application could result in N loss that could have serious environmental concerns. Straw incorporation in the soil after crop harvest is one of the most feasible straw management techniques, however, the optimization of nitrogen (N) fertilizer management and maize straw incorporation to modulate the crop yield and to maintain N balance in sweet corn is necessary to get better yields on a sustained basis. The present study was comprised of two straw management treatments i.e., (i) no straw return (S0), and (ii) incorporation of crushed corn ears by into the soil using rotary tiller (S100) and four N fertilizer management treatments i.e., (i) common farmer practice with total N applied at 300 kg ha−1 with 50%, 5%, 30%, and 15% splits at basal, 3-leaf stage (V3), at hilling stage (V8) and at tasseling/flowering stage (RT), respectively (FM); (ii) application of total N at 225 kg ha−1 with 40%, 10% and 50% at basal, 3-leaf stage (V3) and at hilling stage (V8), respectively (OMI); (iii) application of total N at 150 kg ha−1 with 40%, 10% and 50% at basal, 3-leaf stage (V3), and at hilling stage (V8), respectively (OMII); and (iv) the treatment without any fertilizer application (N0). The hybrid sweet corn cultivar ‘Yuetian 28’ was grown during the spring and autumn growing seasons of 2016 and 2017. The results showed that the N management treatments substantially improved the fresh ear yield, ear number and ear weight, partial factor productivity from nitrogen (PFPN), recovery efficiency from nitrogen (REN), and agronomic efficiency from nitrogen (AEN). Compared with FM, the OMI and OMII treatments significantly increased the AEN and PFPN whilst decreased the apparent N loss, however, the fresh ear yield, ear number and ear weight in OMI treatment were found to be statistically similar (p ˃ 0.05) to FM. Moreover, the S100 treatment did not affect the fresh ear yield and yield components significantly. Overall, straw return combined with an optimized N fertilizer application could improve the yield of sweet corn on a sustained basis with minimum and/or negligible N loss.

Rentabilidad de sistemas de producción de grano y forraje de híbridos de maíz, con fertilización biológica y química en trópico seco

In the spring-summer agricultural cycle of 2016, the hybrids P4082W, H565, and DK357 were evaluated with chemical and chemical + biological fertilization by means of a factorial experiment arranged in a split-plot design. In the treatments with biofertilizer the seed was inoculated with Glomus intraradices + Azospirillum brasilense; in chemical fertilization 120N-80P-80K was applied. The response variables measured were: height, diameter of the neck and number of leaves of the plant, number and weight of ears with and without bracts, weight of bracts, length and diameter of the ear, number of rows ear-1, grain weight of 5 ears of cobs, length, diameter and weight of the cobs, grain yield, fodder and dried grinding. To determine the profitability of the systems, the total cost (TC), total income (IT), and net income (IN) were calculated, and finally the gain by invested MXN peso (GIP). The statistical analysis included analysis of variance and test of comparisons of means by the Tukey method. It was found that the hybrid DK357 recorded the highest height, number of leaves, grain weight, length of ear and cob, yield of grain and forage, both “zacateado” and dried milled. The P4082W genotype obtained the highest weight of ear with and without bracts. The chemical fertilization favored the yield of forage zacateado, and in combination with the biological treatment, increased the yield of grain. The DK357 and P4082W hybrids grown with chemical and biological fertilization turned out to be profitable in the systems for the production of grain alone, forage grass and grain, and ground dried fodder.