Grass seed contamination of the wool and carcases of sheep grazing natural pasture on the north-western slopes of New South Wales

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (111) ◽  
pp. 382 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge ◽  
BA Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum ◽  
The Mean

A group of six-month-old Merino wether weaners was grazed from January to July 1977 on a natural pasture containing seeds of wiregrass (Aristida ramosa), corkscrew grass (Stipa variabilis), barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) and burrs of Medicago minima. The sheep were then removed from the natural pasture, shorn and grazed for a further 23 months on lucerne and oats pastures that were free of grass seed. The number and species of grass seeds and burrs in the wool, hide and carcases were measured to determine the levels of seed and burr contamination and the long-term fate of seeds entering the carcase. The highest number of seeds in the wool, hide and carcase of sheep grazing natural pasture were those of wiregrass. Numbers of seeds of this species per 100 cm2 ranged from 85 to 651 in the wool, 43 to 159 in the hide, and 1 to 8 in the carcase. Most of the grass seeds in the wool were located on the stomach and shoulders, while most of the burrs were on the hind legs and stomach. Percentages of grass seed were highest about the stomach area and shoulders for the hide and carcase, respectively. After the sheep were removed from the natural pasture, and grazed on lucerne and oats pastures for 23 months, the mean grass seed contents decreased by 81% in the hide and 83% in the carcase. Wiregrass seeds were the only seeds that penetrated the hide and remained in the carcase. Numbers of contaminating seeds decreased most rapidly within 6 months of the sheep being removed from the natural pasture. Over the experimental period no seed-free hides or carcases were observed.

The effects of grazing and season on the stability of Chloris Spp. (Windmill grasses) in natural pasture at Trangie, New South Wales.

1978 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Michalk ◽  
PK Herbert
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Stocking Rates

A study of the density and basal diameter of Chloris acicularis Lindl. (syn. Enteropogon acicularis (LindlJLazar. - curly windmill grass) and C. truncata R. Br. (windmill grass) was made at two stocking rates over a period of eight years. The propor- tion of ground covered by these Chloris species varied widely with season, and to a lesser extent with grazing pressure. The density of both species increased in good seasons, while the mean diameter decreased because of the number of new seedlings. Although C. truncata seedlings were more numerous in good seasons, they did not survive as well as did C. acicularis seedlings during prolonged dry periods.

Sheep production on the north coast of New South Wales. 2. A feasibility study of prime lamb production

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (102) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
RDH Cohen
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sheep Production

Lamb production was studied in an experiment that ran for four years, 1968 to 1972, at Grafton, New South Wales, in a region where no commercial sheep are grown. Merino and Dorset Horn x Merino ewes stocked at 15 ewes ha-1 were mated in spring to Border Leicester rams and the lambs sold for slaughter in October. The mean number of lambs born per 100 ewes mated was 81.7 for crossbred ewes and 48.4 for Merino ewes (P< 0.05) and the mean carcase weights of the lambs were 14.8 kg and 12.7 kg, respectively (P< 0.01). The mean weight of fleeces cut from Merino ewes (3.24 kg) was greater (P< 0.01) than that from crossbred ewes (2.58 kg). The ewes were treated with anthelmintics either every four weeks or according to climatic conditions. There were no significant differences between the anthelmintic treatments for lamb liveweights at birth, weaning or slaughter; carcase weight; ewe fleece weight; or mortality rate. Treatment every four weeks increased ewe live weight during only one short period from August 1971 to February 1972 (P< 0.05). Data from this experiment compared favourably with survey data for the high rainfall zone in Australia and it was concluded that prime lamb production on the north coast of New South Wales is biologically feasible.

Studies in the ecology of the Riverine Plain. IV. Basal area and density changes of Danthonia caespitosa Gaudich, in a natural pasture grazed by sheep

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
OB Williams
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Steady State Condition ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Natural Pasture

The changes in basal area and density of Danthonia caespitosa were measured over the 9-year period 1949-1957 by charting permanent quadrats in plots which were ungrazed, and lightly, moderately, and heavily grazed. Compared with the control, the grazing treatments had no effect on basal area, and a significant but not substantial effect on the contribution made by the various age groups of the dominant grass. There were no real differences between the age groups of D. caespitosa on continuously and intermittently grazed treatments, and it is suggested that the design of grazing experiments might be simplified, cognizance being given to the stage of degeneration reached by the pasture, and to the possibility that seasonal deferment procedures might cause substantial changes in botanical composition.. In the autumn or winter of 1951 the mature population of D. caespitosa was almost wiped out and the build-up of basal area and density over the 1951-1957 period was very slow. Dry summers and the late arrival of the opening rains in autumn appeared to be responsible for substantial losses in D. caespitosa. Abnormally high rainfall during the preceding growth season appeared to accentuate these losses. In the gilgai microrelief death rates were greater on the depression than on the shelf. It is suggested that the D. caespitosa grassland was degraded, and reached a "steady state" condition under the influence of cattle, sheep, rabbits, and drought. If grazing treatments are to induce changes in such a plant population, such treatments must be a wide departure from the previous procedures which have given rise to the existing plant community. The results are discussed in relation to grazing experiments in Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, and the north-west of Western Australia.

Establishment of Warm- and Cool-Season Native Perennial Grasses on the North-West Slopes of New South Wales. I. Dormancy and Germination

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge ◽  
RDB Whalley
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Ecological Implications

The dormancy and germination of two groups of native perennial grasses were investigated in caryopses or dispersal units. The species were the warm-season native perennial grasses Aristida ramosa R.Br., Bothriochloa macra (Steud.) S. T . Blake. Dichanthium sericeum (R.Br.) Camus, Sporobolus elongatus R.Br., Eragrostis leptostachya Steud., Chloris truncata R.Br. and the cool-season species Stipa variabilis Hughes and Danthonia linkii Kunth. Optimum temperatures for germination were 20-35°C for A . ramosa; 15-35° for D. sericeum and C. Truncata; 20-25° for E. leptostachya; 20-30° for B. macra and S. elongatus and 15-25° for D. linkii and S . Variabilis. At 1O° and 40° D. linkii and A. ramosa respectively were the only species that had high germination percentages. Removal of the lemma and palea from freshly harvested units of A. ramosa, B. macra, D. sericeum, C. Truncata and S. variabilis significantly increased germination. In units stored at 12-27°C there was a breakdown in dormancy after 2-3 months in A. ramosa and B. macra and after 9 months in S. elongatus. In the germination of D. sericeum and D. linkii the lemma and palea appeared to have a long-term inhibitory role. Twenty-week-old whole dispersal units of B. macra, S. elongatus and E. leptostachya and 40-week-old units of S. elongatus and E. leptostachya had an obligate light requirement for germination. The ecological implications of these data in the successful germination of natural seed falls and artificial seedings are discussed.

Effect of time of application of herbicides on the long-term control of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum var. augustifolium)

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (101) ◽  
pp. 746 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Campbell ◽  
JJ Dellow ◽  
AR Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Hypericum Perforatum ◽  
New South ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
St John’S Wort ◽  
St John's Wort ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Long Term Effect

The effect of time of application of herbicides on the long-term control of St. John's wort was investigated at Tuena, New South Wales. The herbicides used were: 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, 2,4-D -i- 2,4,5-T, picloram + 2,4-D, and glyphosate. Each of these was applied in February, May, August and November, 1976, and regrowth of wort monitored until February 1978. The percentage ground cover of unsprayed St. John's wort varied between 75% and 85% over the experimental period. Initially all herbicides reduced the ground cover of St. John's wort from over 75% to less than 15%. Thereafter the regrowth of wort depended on the long-term effect of the herbicides. At the final assessment in February 1978, the most effective herbicide treatments were: from the February and May applications, glyphosate and picloram + 2,4-D; from the August application, picloram + 2,4-D; and from the November application, picloram + 2,4-D, 2,4-D + 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D.

Interpreting patterns of population change in koalas from long-term datasets in Coffs Harbour on the north coast of New South Wales

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Lunney ◽  
Martin Predavec ◽  
Indrie Miller ◽  
Ian Shannon ◽  
Mark Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Change ◽  
New South ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Common View ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales

We examined a long-term, repeat dataset for the koala population within Coffs Harbour Local Government Area. Analyses of these data have led to the conclusion that, following a perceived population decline in the 1980s, the koala population of Coffs Harbour has endured between 1990 and 2011 and showed no evidence of a precipitous decline during this period. Rather, the population change is best characterised as stable to slowly declining. This conclusion appears to contradict a common view of recent koala population declines on the north coast of New South Wales. There are four possible explanations for the population’s apparent stability: that conservation efforts and planning regulations have been effective; that surviving adults are persisting in existing home ranges in remnant habitat; that the broader Coffs Harbour population is operating as a ‘source and sink’ metapopulation; and/or that the standard survey methods employed are not sufficiently sensitive to detect small population changes. These findings do not mean there is no need for future conservation efforts aimed at koalas in Coffs Harbour; however, such efforts will need to better understand and account for a koala population that can be considered to be stable to slowly declining.

Genetic affinities of a remnant population of the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) in Mt Kaputar National Park, northern New South Wales

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Mark D. B. Eldridge ◽  
Linda E. Neaves ◽  
James Faris ◽  
Todd Soderquist
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
National Park ◽  
New South ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
North Western ◽  
Remnant Population ◽  
Semiarid Conditions

The brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) is now extinct west of the Great Dividing Range, apart from remnant populations in the Warrumbungles and at Mt Kaputar. Previous genetic analysis has identified deep genetic subdivisions within P. penicillata, but samples from Mt Kaputar were not included. Mitochondrial DNA sequences obtained from Mt Kaputar and the Warrumbungles clustered within the Central ESU, extending its distribution north of the Hunter River onto the north-western slopes adjacent to populations of the Northern ESU. These highly threatened western populations are the only P. penicillata persisting in semiarid conditions. This makes them of particular value to the long-term survival of the species and their conservation should be a priority.

Residues in soil, pasture and grazing dairy cattle after the incorporation of dieldrin and heptachlor into soil before sowing

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (115) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
WS Gilbert ◽  
CE Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits

Soil, pasture and grazing dairy cattle with calves were monitored at two locations on the North Coast of New South Wales for insecticide residues from 1972-1 975, after soil incorporation of dieldrin and heptachlor at the recommended rate of 1.1 kg/ha before sowing to control pasture weevil pests. The soil and pasture types were: Wollongbar clay loam sown with tropical legumes and grass at Wollongbar (dieldrin), and black alluvial sown with temperate legumes and grass, at Duck Creek substation, near Ballina (dieldrin and heptachlor). After the treatments, persistent residues were found in soil and pasture, and grazing stock, although residues declined over the trial period. Stock residues in many cases exceeded the 0.15 and 0.2 �g/g maximum residue limits recommended by the National Health and Medical Research Council for the fat of milk and meat, and similar residues were found in additional cattle introduced after fifteen months. In view of the long-term risks for grazing stock, the pre-sowing soil treatment with dieldrin and heptachlor for the control of pasture pests is no longer recommended by the New South Wales Department of Agriculture.

Genetic and environmental effects on a temperament score in beef cattle

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Hearnshaw ◽  
CA Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
New South ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Difference

Temperament scores were taken on 8-month-old calves from five calf drops (1976-80) and over three sections of a large crossbreeding trial on the North Coast of New South Wales. A 0-5 scale was used, with lower values for quieter cattle. The heritability �s.e. of temperament score of Bos taurus calves (sired by Hereford, Simmental and Friesian bulls) was 0.03�0.28, and for B. indicus-sired calves (Brahman, Braford and Africander bulls) 0.46�0.37, and for all data combined 0.44�0.25. There was a significant difference (P < 0.01) between the mean score of Brahman-sired halfbred calves (1.96) and B. taurus-sired calves (1.05). The difference was halved to 0.45 points for quarterbred Brahman calves versus B. taurus calves, i.e. as expected for an additive trait. There were significant differences in temperament among calves sired by B. indicus bulls, but there were no significant differences amongst the B. taurus sire breeds. The repeatability (mean � s.e.) of operators' score of 701 weaner calves was 0.67�0.08. From temperament scores of 315 cows at weaning in 1981, an operator repeatability of 0.82�0.08 was obtained. Correlations of cow and calf score were not consistent, but averaged 0.18�0.04 from 547 records. The repeatability of scores taken at two separate times on 132 calves, was 0.43�0.09. The group given a medium level of nutrition had significantly higher temperament scores than those given high or low levels. Sex effects were not significant on scores at weaning. A log transformation of the data equalized the variance of scores of different breeds, but did not affect the conclusions.

Temporal Decline of 1080 Within Meat Baits Used for Control of Wild Dogs in New South Wales.

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJS Fleming ◽  
RW Parker
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Short Term ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Residual Level ◽  
Term Trial ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Wild Dogs

Short- and long-term trials were conducted to determine the rate of decline of 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) in meat baits used for poisoning wild dogs. Baits were injected with 0.2 ml of standard 1080 solution (nominal dose of 6.00 mg of pure 1080 per bait) and placed in the field. In the long-term trial, 10 baits were collected at 7 intervals between 3 h and 226 days, and analysed for residual 1080 by liquid chromatography. The recoverable 1080 content declined greatly over the first 48 days, although at 226 days all 10 baits retained some 1080. By 42.4 days the mean residual level of 1080 in the baits was predicted to be less than the theoretical LD99 for wild dogs. At the time of distribution, baits contained less than the LD50 for an average-sized eastern quoll. The LD99 for domestic cattle-dogs was predicted to be still present in baits at 72.9 days. Loss of 1080 from these baits was not correlated with rainfall, temperature or humidity. In the short-term trial, 10 baits were collected at 11 intervals up to 200 h. The recoverable 1080 content decreased by 3.09 mg (61% of the injected dose) within the first hour after injection and declined to a low of 2.70 mg at hour 50. The level of recovered 1080 then rose to 73% of the injected dose at hour 150.

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