Field peas as a feed for growing and finishing pigs. 2. Effects of substituting peas for meat meal or fish meal in conventional diets

In three experiments the effects of substituting field peas (Pisum sativum) for meat meal and/or fish meal in diets fed to growing and finishing pigs were studied. The inclusion of up to 28% peas in growing and finishing diets did not affect the digestible energy intake of pigs fed at up to 3.5 times their maintenance energy requirement. When peas comprised 53% of a diet fed to growing pigs, intake was depressed by 8%. With the exception of this diet, responses were consistent with changes in dietary lysine. It is concluded that, at up to about 40% of the diet, the lysine and energy value of field peas to growing and finishing pigs is consistent with analysed levels of these nutrients.

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Modelling the relation between energy intake and protein and lipid deposition in growing pigs

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800054941 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 119-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

J. van Milgen ◽

N. Quiniou ◽

J. Noblet

Keyword(s):

Energy Requirement ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

The Other ◽

Maintenance Energy ◽

Lipid Deposition ◽

Large White ◽

Protein Deposition ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽

Ad Libitum Intake

AbstractWhen modelling the effect of a changing nutrient supply to growing animals, it is important to distinguish the individual response curve of an animal from the change in this response that may occur during growth. A data analysis model is proposed where, for an individual animal, the relation between protein deposition (PD) and metabolizable energy (ME) intake above maintenance (MEp) is curvilinear, so that PD intersects the origin and reaches its maximum at the maximum protein deposition rate (PDmax). An increase of MEp beyond that required to attain PDmax would not change PD. The MEp not used for protein synthesis can be used for lipid deposition (LD). The relation between PD and LD on the one hand and ME on the other hand can then be described as a function of the maintenance energy requirement (MEm), PDmax, the level of ME required to attain PDmax (F; as a multiple of MEm) and the energetic efficiencies of PD (kp) and LD (kf). Of these statistics, only kp and kf were assumed to be independent of body weight (BW), age or genotype. Variation in PDmax was described as a Gompertz function (of age) whereas variation in F was assumed a linear function of BW. Maintenance energy requirement was expressed as a power function of BW. To evaluate the model, 145 nitrogen and energy (indirect calorimetry) balances were obtained from three types of pigs (Large White castrated males (cLW) and Piétrain × Large White castrated males (cPP× ) and males (bPP×)) ranging in BW between 45 and 100 kg and housed under thermoneutral conditions. Animals were allotted to one of four energy levels ranging from 0·70 to 1·00 of ad libitum intake. The MEm was not different between genotypes (849 kJ/kg BW0·60) whereas the kp and kf were 0·56 and 0·75, respectively. For castrated animals on ad libitum intake, PDmax started limiting PD at approximately 130 days of age (78 and 86 kg BW for cLW and cPP×, respectively). Before this age and for bPP×, PD was limited by MEp. In bPP×, the difference between PD and PDmax was small (less than proportionately 0·05). The F did not change with BW for bPP× (2·85 × MEm) whereas for the other genotypes, it decreased linearly from 4·47 at 45 kg to 2·00 at 100 kg of BW. Due to its nature, the model allows estimation of PDmax even when energy is restricting PD.

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Digestibility of threonine from protein concentrates for growing pigs. 2. The digestibility of threonine to the terminal ileum in pigs given six protein concentrates

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9880721 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 721 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J Leibholz ◽

Y Mollah

Keyword(s):

Cottonseed Meal ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Terminal Ileum ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Sunflower Meal ◽

Protein Concentrates ◽

Meat Meal

Six male Landrace x Large White pigs (25 kg liveweight) were fitted with T-shape cannulae in the terminal ileum. The pigs were fed 1.2 kg dry matter per day containing 4.5 g threonine/kg of diet from continuous belt feeders. The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) to the terminal ileum was 0.91, 0.87, 0.85, 0.81, 0.80 and 0.75 for pigs given diets containing milk, fish meal, soybean meal, meat meal, sunflower meal and cotton seed meal respectively. The apparent digestibility of nitrogen (N) to the terminal ileum was 0.87, 0.87, 0.86, 0.86, 0.81 and 0.74 for pigs given diets containing milk, fish meal, soybean meal, sunflower meal, meat meal and cottonseed meal, respectively. The true digestibility of threonine to the terminal ileum was 0.96, 0.95, 0.90, 0.87, 0.80 and 0.66 for the diets containing milk, fish meal, sunflower meal, soybean meal, meat meal and cottonseed meal, respectively.

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Maintenance energy requirements and forage intake of purebred vs. crossbred beef cows1

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txaa008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 1182-1195

Author(s):

Claire E Andresen ◽

Aksel W Wiseman ◽

Adam McGee ◽

Carla Goad ◽

Andrew P Foote ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Requirement ◽

Growth Efficiency ◽

Energy Requirements ◽

Maintenance Energy ◽

Calf Growth ◽

Crossbred Cows ◽

Breed Type ◽

Main Effect ◽

Forage Intake ◽

Maintenance Energy Requirement

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of cow breed type and age on maintenance requirements, feed energy utilization, and voluntary forage intake. The main effect of breed type included Angus (ANG; n = 32) and Hereford × Angus (HA; n = 27) lactating cows. The main effect of age included 2- and 3-yr-old (YOUNG; n = 29) and 4- to 8-yr-old (MATURE; n = 30) cows. Within breed type and age class, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 pens for a total of 8 pens, each housing 7 to 9 cow/calf pairs. To determine maintenance energy requirements, cows and calves were limit-fed for 105 d to body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) stasis. There were no differences between breeds in cow hip height, BW, average milk yield (P > 0.31), diet digestibility, or cow maintenance energy requirement (P = 0.54). Crossbred cows had greater BCS (P < 0.05) throughout the experiment. Efficiency of calf growth was not different between breeds when expressed as feed intake of the cow/calf pair nor as energy intake of the pair per unit of calf BW gain (P ≥ 0.31). Young cows produced less milk per day and per unit of BW0.75 (P < 0.01); however, there was no effect of cow age on maintenance energy requirement, diet digestibility, or efficiency of calf growth (P > 0.10). Subsequently, a 45-d experiment was conducted to determine voluntary low-quality forage intake. Cows were housed in dry-lot pens equipped with shade, windbreaks, and feed bunks with free-choice access to clean water and a chopped hay ration was provided ad libitum to determine forage intake. Daily forage intake was lower (P = 0.05) for HA compared with ANG (123 vs. 132 g/kg BW0.75, respectively) although there was no difference in BW. However, HA cows sustained greater BCS (P < 0.01). There was no difference (P = 0.60) in forage intake per unit of BW0.75 due to cow age. Results indicate similar calf growth efficiency among breed types although crossbred cows maintained greater body energy stores and consumed less low-quality forage during the voluntary intake experiment. These differences could not be attributed to lower maintenance energy requirements. Neither maintenance energy requirement nor calf growth efficiency was different between young and mature cows.

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Field Peas(Pisum sativum)as Protein Source in Diets of Growing-Finishing Pigs

Journal of Applied Animal Research ◽

10.1080/09712119.2000.9706338 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 159-164

Author(s):

T. S. Brand ◽

D. A. Brandt ◽

J. P. van der Merwe ◽

C. W. Cruywagen

Keyword(s):

Pisum Sativum ◽

Protein Source ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Field Peas

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Digestion of unmolassed sugar-beet pulp in young growing pigs and implications for the growth-supporting values of fermented energy

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s000335610000502x ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 531-539 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. Q. Zhu ◽

V. R. Fowler ◽

M. F. Fuller

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Control Diet ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Sugar Beet Pulp ◽

Beet Pulp ◽

Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽

Growth Trial ◽

Gut Fermentation ◽

Endogenous Enzymes

ABSTRACTExperiments involving both digestion and growth trials were undertaken to compare the responses of pigs to two increments of digested energy resulting either from gut fermentation or from digestion by endogenous enzymes in the small intestine. Unmolassed sugar-beet pulp (SBP) and maize starch (MS) were selected as model materials for these two systems. A control diet was formulated to fulfil the needs of pigs for all essential nutrients apart from energy. This diet was offered according to a scale set at about twice the maintenance energy requirement. The two SBP diets contained 150 and 300 g SBP per kg (SBP15 and SBP30) and the two MS diets 100 and 200 g MS per kg (MS10 and MS20). Sixty observations were made with 10 female and 20 male growing pigs to provide information on digestion. The results showed that the energy in SBP and MS had an apparent digestibility of 0·74 and 0·98 respectively (s.e.d. 0025). The neutral-detergent fibre fraction of SBP had a digestibility of 0·81 (s.e. 0·055). Forty pigs (20 male and 20 female) were involved in the growth trial. The responses of pigs to increments of different digestible energy (DE) were measured in terms of daily carcass-weight gain. The results gave values of 435, 478, 527, 511 and 567 (s.e.d. 17·3) g/day for the control, SBP15, SBP30, MS 10 and MS20 treatments respectively. These results suggest that the apparent DE of SBP is used for carcass growth with an efficiency of 0·57 (s.e. 0·012) relative to the DE from MS.

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Faecal endogenous loss of calcium in young sheep

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19890092 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 59-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. S. Chrisp ◽

A. R. Sykes ◽

N. D. Grace

Keyword(s):

White Clover ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Research Council ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Energy Requirements ◽

Maintenance Energy ◽

Agricultural Research Council ◽

The Mean ◽

Maintenance Energy Requirement

1. Two groups of eight 6–7-month-old wether lambs were offered either a frozen ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture or a ryegrass-white clover hay, containing 12.1 and 6.4 g calcium/ kg dry matter (DM) respectively. Within groups the amounts offered to individual sheep ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 times the estimated maintenance energy requirements.2. A single intravenous injection of 150 μCi 45Ca as CaCl2. 2H2O, and stable balances were used to determine absorption, faecal endogenous loss and balance of Ca.3. Faecal endogenous loss of Ca increased by 1.2 mg/kg body-weight (W) per d with each g/kg W per d increase in DM intake regardless of the diet. At any DM intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 5.5 mg/kg W per d higher in the sheep offered the frozen herbage diet when compared with those on the hay diet. At any Ca intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 6.9 mg/kg W higher in sheep offered the hay diet compared with those on the frozen herbage.4. At feeding levels of about 1.5–2 times the estimated maintenance energy requirement the observed faecal endogenous loss of Ca ranged from 35 to 50 mg/kg W per d, which is two- to threefold greater than the present estimate of the Agricultural Research Council (1980) of 16 mg/kg W per d.5. A simple model to explain the variation in faecal endogenous loss of Ca between the present study with young sheep and that with lactating ewes (Chrisp et al. 1989) also offered herbage diets is developed, which incorporates the concept of a true endogenous loss related to DM intake and a net endogenous loss reflecting the extent of re-absorption of Ca endogenous losses within the gastrointestinal tract.

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