Hemp and buckwheat are valuable sources of dietary amino acids, beneficially modulating gastrointestinal hormones and promoting satiety in healthy volunteers

Purpose This study evaluated the postprandial effects following consumption of buckwheat, fava bean, pea, hemp and lupin compared to meat (beef); focussing on biomarkers of satiety, gut hormones, aminoacids and plant metabolites bioavailability and metabolism. Methods Ten subjects (n = 3 men; n = 7 women; 42 ± 11.8 years of age; BMI 26 ± 5.8 kg/m2) participated in six 1-day independent acute interventions, each meal containing 30 g of protein from buckwheat, fava bean, pea, hemp, lupin and meat (beef). Blood samples were collected during 24-h and VAS questionnaires over 5-h. Results Volunteers consumed significantly higher amounts of most amino acids from the meat meal, and with few exceptions, postprandial composition of plasma amino acids was not significantly different after consuming the plant-based meals. Buckwheat meal was the most satious (300 min hunger scores, p < 0.05).Significant increase in GLP-1 plasma (AUC, iAUC p = 0.01) found after hemp compared with the other plant-based meals. Decreased plasma ghrelin concentrations (iAUC p < 0.05) found on plant (hemp) vs. meat meal. Several plasma metabolites after hemp meal consumption were associated with hormone trends (partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA): 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, indole 3-pyruvic acid, 5-hydoxytryptophan, genistein and biochanin A with GLP-1, PYY and insulin; 3-hydroxymandelic acid and luteolidin with GLP-1 and ghrelin and 4-hydroxymandelic acid, benzoic acid and secoisolariciresinol with insulin and ghrelin. Plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), (iAUC, p < 0.001); and phenylalanine and tyrosine (iAUC, p < 0.05) were lower after buckwheat comparison with meat meal. Conclusion Plants are valuable sources of amino acids which are promoting satiety. The impact of hemp and buckwheat on GLP-1 and, respectively, BCAAs should be explored further as could be relevant for aid and prevention of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Study registered with clinicaltrial.gov on 12th July 2013, study ID number: NCT01898351.

Raw Ingredients in Cat Food Manufacturing: Palatability, Digestibility and Halal Issues in Malaysia

Raw ingredients commonly used in the cat food manufacturing are derived fromvarious sources such as meat, meat by products, fish, poultry, vegetables, vegetables byproducts, cereals, fruits, and bones. Meat meal and meat bone meal are unpopular rawingredients since they are manufactured from carcasses and offal of cows, pigs, goats andsheep and may even contain deleterious and unhealthy ingredients. There is the possibility ofthe occurrence of ingredients containing non halal components. There are several types of catfood in the market which are graded based on their ingredients and nutritive values especiallythe protein content. The biological values of the popular protein sources used in cat foodmanufacturing were highlighted. The importance of carbohydrate content, which is mostlynot available on the packaging pack is emphasized and the method of calculation shown.

EFFECTS OF PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION OF FISHMEAL BY SEA CLAM (SENILIA SENILIS)MEAT MEAL ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, FEED EFFICIENCY, SURVIVAL, AND WHOLE-BODY COMPOSITION OF THE NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS, L.1758)

The present study assessed the effects of incorporating sea clam (Senilia senilis)meat mealas a partial replacement for fishmeal on the growth performance, survival and whole-body composition of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fry(0.2 g).Three iso-proteins (26%) and iso-caloric (11%) diets where fishmeal was substituted withclam meat meal at 0% diet A,10% diet B, and 15% diet C were prepared.The experiment was conductedfor 12 weeks. The stocking density was 15 fish per tank in an isolated system consisting of 9 plastic tanks of 80L each. Each treatment was administered in triplicates, and fish were fed three times per day (09 :00h, 13 :00h, and 17 :00h). The daily ration corresponded to 10% of the fishs live weight during the first month and was reduced to 8% and then 6% for the second and last month of the trial period.The results of this study showed that the incorporation of clam meat meal in the diet of Nile Tilapia fry has benefited growth in fish fed the tested diets. The best growth performance was obtained in the fish fed with diet B containing 10% clam meat meal: 10.57g for absolute mean weight gain 4.75% /d for SGR 0.82 for FCR 2.14 for PER, followed by diet A.Diet C has the lowest growth performance: 8.37g for weight gain,4.44%/d for SGR,0.99 for FCR, and 1.75 for PER. The best survival rate was obtained by diet C (93.33%), followed by diet B (80%), and the lowest by diet A (71.11%). The protein contents of the tested fish were moderately higher than that of the initial fish. No big difference was observed among the tested diets. The ash content is reduced sharply after two months feeding. The lipid content of the tested fish decreasedslightly in comparison to the initial fish. At the end of the study, fish fed with diet B showed the best growth performance among other diets. These results indicatethat clam meat meal can be included up to 15% in the tilapia diet without affecting the nutritional quality of the feed.

New cuts of bullfrog carcass and its application in asian gastronomy

The consumption of bullfrog meat has been increasing in Brazil due to its nutritional quality and pleasant texture. The present study aimed to increase the percentage of use of the carcass marketed in the retail market, adding value, with the creation of new cuts in regions previously neglected and discarded, due to the small amount of muscle tissue. A new mapping was created aiming at its full use, in addition to the flank and thigh, innovative regions such as the front legs, hind paw muscles, located just after the thighs, and the last portion of the hind paw. On the back, the cuts called. Back bone and rib were, respectively, the central and peripheral bone parts of the carcass, used in broths and soups, as a technique to add value to these less used cuts in cooking. More elaborate meals were prepared with the thighs. For the valorization of the less noble parts, softening processes were used, by fast or slow cooking, these muscles being added to salads and fillings, respectively. The new cuts were used in the culinary techniques of Asian Gastronomy, being approved through sensory analysis carried out with Maifun salad, with a new version of the Tom Kha Gai soup, one with only bullfrog meat and the other with meat meal. and carcass bones (AABC); and introducing roasted Paris mushrooms in the fillings, providing a better use of the carcass, with a more digestive and hypocaloric menu with health promotion, when compared to traditional cuisine.

Virulence Genes and Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli Isolated in Meat Meal Samples

Background: Feed is the main route of transmission of pathogenic microorganisms and is responsible for a large part of the cost of poultry production, so the inclusion of alternative foods in diets for monogastrics has been a constant. Among alternative foods most used in modern poultry farming are animal meal, however, when contaminated they constitute a route of transmission of several pathogenic agents, including Escherichia coli. In addition, there is a zoonotic potential, as poultry products are intended for human consumption. The objective of this research was to detect virulence genes, as well as to evaluate the resistance profile of Escherichia coli isolates from meat meal samples. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 40 Escherichia coli isolates were analyzed and the virulence genes surveyed iss, ompT, hlyF, iutA, and fimA identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The antimicrobial agents tested were: amoxycillin (30 μg), ceftiofur (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), doxycycline (30 μg), florfenicol (30 μg), fosfomycin (200 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), norfloxacin (10 μg) and oxacillin (1 μg). It was possible to observe the occurrence of the iss resistance gene in 100% of Escherichia coli isolates, followed by hlyF (85%), fimA (75%), ompT (17.5%) and iutA (5%). Regarding the simultaneous detection for the genes, a greater association between the genes iss, hlyF and fimA (60%) was verified. All isolates showed resistance to oxacillin (100%), followed by doxycycline (25%), amoxicillin (22.5%), norfloxacin (17.5%), ceftiofur (15%), florfenicol (12.5%), fosfomycin (12.5%), ciprofloxacin (10%) and gentamycin (2.5%). In this study, a variation of the multiple antimicrobial resistance index (IRMA) was observed between 0.22 and 0.77. Discussion: The indiscriminate use of of antimicrobials as performance enhancers in production animals, may have contributed to the increase in antimicrobial resistance, with the occurrence of multiresistant Escherichia coli carrying virulence genes. Virulence genes present in Escherichia coli isolates are studied to understand the degree of influence they exert in the establishment of the disease, one of the most researched genes is the iss gene, involved in the processes that promote serum resistance. In this study, iss (100%) was present in all the isolates analyzed, although it is not the only mechanism used by these bacteria to reach internal organs and trigger an infection, this gene encodes an important mechanism associated with high levels of virulence. The second highest prevalence found was of the hlyF gene (85%), the high prevalence of hlyF suggests virulence potential, involved with the production of hemolysin and improvement of outer membrane vesicles associated with the release of toxins. The fimA gene (75%) was detected in a slightly lower percentage when compared to iss and hlyF. With the second lowest prevalence, the ompT gene (17.5%), is involved in a process that includes the proteolytic degradation of antimicrobial peptides and with the lowest prevalence the iutA gene (5%). Certain combinations of virulence genes make the strains easier to survive, adhere to, colonize and even the ability to develop septicemic conditions. Multiresistant E. coli strains, is a fact of concern for both animal and human health, since the presence of multiresistant strains, originating from poultry, can be transmitted from chicken carcasses. In this sense, the importance of sanitary control of the inputs used in animal feed is emphasized, as well as the prudent use of antimicrobials in animal production, with a view to producing a safe food, minimizing not only the economic losses, but also the risks to human health. Keywords: antimicrobial, bacterial resistance, colibacillosis, poultry.

Comparative evaluation of fish, crayfish waste, meat and blood meal for broiler production

The effect of different animal protein sources in broiler production was investigated. 300 seven-day old broilers of equal average initial weight were randomly allotted into five treatment groups with three replications of 20 birds each and at the end of 28 days, birds were weighed again and re-randomized to the five treatment groups with three replicates of 16 birds each. The diets consisted of four animal proteins. Treatment 1 (Control) had no animal protein while diet 2, 3, 4 and 5 had 4% fish meal, 4% crayfish waste meal, 4% blood meal and 4% meat meal, respectively. The study was conducted for 56 days with 28days starter phase and 28days finisher phase. Parameters evaluated were proximate composition of test ingredients, growth performance of experimental animals, nutrient digestibility and economic analysis. The results showed blood meal had the highest (P<0.05) crude protein level (77.68%) followed by fish meal (54.53%), crayfish waste (48.08%) and meat meal (41.67%). Cray fish waste meal had the highest (P<0.05) crude fibre (6.07%) while blood meal had the least (2.98%). Fish meal had the highest ether extract (5.99%) followed by crayfish waste meal (4.03%), meat meal (3.67%) and blood meal (3.93%). There were nonsignificant (P<0.05) differences in feed intake during both starter and finisher phases across the treatment groups. Blood meal significantly (P<0.05) depressed final live weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio while other ingredients showed (P>0.05) similarities in the above parameters apart from in protein efficiency ratio for which meat meal only showed significant (P<0.05) depression. The least cost per kg feed and least cost per kg weight gain (naira) were observed with birds on crayfish diets. There was better (P<0.05) digestibility of crude protein by birds on treatment diets 1 and 2 followed by 3 and 4 while birds than on treatment diet5 had the least value (58.10%). Conclusively, the use of crayfish waste meal in broiler starter diets and combined proteins in broiler fisher diets should be encouraged.