scholarly journals Faecal endogenous loss of calcium in young sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Chrisp ◽  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
N. D. Grace
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

1. Two groups of eight 6–7-month-old wether lambs were offered either a frozen ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture or a ryegrass-white clover hay, containing 12.1 and 6.4 g calcium/ kg dry matter (DM) respectively. Within groups the amounts offered to individual sheep ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 times the estimated maintenance energy requirements.2. A single intravenous injection of 150 μCi 45Ca as CaCl2. 2H2O, and stable balances were used to determine absorption, faecal endogenous loss and balance of Ca.3. Faecal endogenous loss of Ca increased by 1.2 mg/kg body-weight (W) per d with each g/kg W per d increase in DM intake regardless of the diet. At any DM intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 5.5 mg/kg W per d higher in the sheep offered the frozen herbage diet when compared with those on the hay diet. At any Ca intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 6.9 mg/kg W higher in sheep offered the hay diet compared with those on the frozen herbage.4. At feeding levels of about 1.5–2 times the estimated maintenance energy requirement the observed faecal endogenous loss of Ca ranged from 35 to 50 mg/kg W per d, which is two- to threefold greater than the present estimate of the Agricultural Research Council (1980) of 16 mg/kg W per d.5. A simple model to explain the variation in faecal endogenous loss of Ca between the present study with young sheep and that with lactating ewes (Chrisp et al. 1989) also offered herbage diets is developed, which incorporates the concept of a true endogenous loss related to DM intake and a net endogenous loss reflecting the extent of re-absorption of Ca endogenous losses within the gastrointestinal tract.

The nutritive value of silages

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Kelly ◽  
P. C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Broad Agreement ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

1. Two calorimetric experiments were conducted to study the utilization of energy in sheep given diets of grass silage or grass silage and barley. Three silages were investigated. One was made from first-harvest grass in the spring (S) and the others from regrowth cut either early or late in the autumn (E and L respectively). All were of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and preserved with formic acid. Each silage was given at two levels of feeding, the lower providing approximately a maintenance energy intake. The S and L silages were also given supplemented with barley.2. The digestibilities of organic matter, cellulose and energy in the silages were high. Measured at maintenance, digestible energy (de) contents (MJ/kg dry matter (dm)) were 11.83, 14.67 and 12.90 for S, E and L respectively. The de contents of the S and E silages were depressed at the higher level of feeding but the effect was offset by changes in the energy losses as methane and urine. Metabolizable energy (me) contents (MJ/kg dm) for the three silages, S, E and L were respectively 9.88, 12.54 and 10.73 at the low level of feeding and 9.91, 11.99 and 11.08 at the high level of feeding. The mean me content of barley calculated by difference was 13.76 MJ/kg dm.3. The mean efficiencies of utilization of me for maintenance (km) for the S, E and L silages were 0.69, 0.71 and 0.68 respectively. Corresponding values for fattening (kf) were 0.21, 0.57 and 0.59. Excepting the kf for the S silage which was low, observed efficiencies were in broad agreement with those predicted by the equations of the Agricultural Research Council (1965). Similar agreement was obtained with all diets consisting of silage and barley.

An equation, suitable for computer use, based on the ARC feeding system to determine the energy requirements of growing and fattening cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Zulberti ◽  
J. T. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Computer Use ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Forward Calculation

SUMMARYBased on the Agricultural Research Council's feeding system, equations were developed that allow the calculation of the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and weight gain by cattle, separately or combined. A general equation was developed for the straight-forward calculation of the total metabolizable energy requirements of growing and fattening cattle for any combination of body weight, rate of weight gain, age, level of muscular work, and metabolizable energy concentration of the diet. The estimates of energy requirement made by the use of this equation are in excellent agreement with those made by the Agricultural Research Council using an iterative method.In addition to avoiding the awkward iterative process, the equations proposed are readily adaptable to computer use.

Validation of new systems for protein evaluation in ruminants by testing the effect of urea supplementation on intake and digestibility of straw with or without sodium hydroxide treatment

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
D. A. Grubb
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Treatment

SUMMARYMilled barley straw, either untreated or treated with 70 g of NaOH/kg straw was supplemented with four levels of urea, namely 0, 6, 12 or 18 g/kg and fed ad libitum to young sheep. For the untreated straw, dry-matter intakes were (g/day) 423, 451, 441 and 463, while the digestibility of organic matter was 458, 467, 490 and 483 g/kg, respectively. For the treated straw, the intakes of dry matter were 355, 402, 531 and 567 g/day and the digestibility of organic matter was 423, 480, 589 and 628 g/kg respectively.The different responses to urea supplementation of treated and untreated straw are discussed in relation to a new system of estimating protein requirements for ruminants put forward by the Agricultural Research Council.

The me system : The biological basis

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 60-60
Author(s):  
D.J. Thomson ◽  
M.J. Haines ◽  
S.B. Cammell ◽  
M.S. Dhanoa
Keyword(s):  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Biological Basis ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
New System

The Starch Equivalent (SE) system devised by Kellner for expressing the energy requirements of ruminants and the energy value of feeds was used in Britain from 1912. Metabolizable energy (ME) was proposed (Agricultural Research Council, 1965) and adopted (MAFF, DAFS and DANI, Technical Bulletin 33, 197S), as a basis for a new system relating diet to the energy requirements of animals. Additional information was incorporated in the extensive Technical Review (The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock, 1980). Metabolizable energy was retained, and animal performance it was claimed, was predicted more precisely with ME than SE. Results presented in this paper are for the comparison, and interpretation, of observed and predicted (Technical Bulletin 33) rates of gain, and other components of the ME system, for growing lambs and cattle fed forage and mixed forage and concentrate diets.

scholarly journals Maintenance energy requirements and forage intake of purebred vs. crossbred beef cows1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1182-1195
Author(s):  
Claire E Andresen ◽  
Aksel W Wiseman ◽  
Adam McGee ◽  
Carla Goad ◽  
Andrew P Foote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of cow breed type and age on maintenance requirements, feed energy utilization, and voluntary forage intake. The main effect of breed type included Angus (ANG; n = 32) and Hereford × Angus (HA; n = 27) lactating cows. The main effect of age included 2- and 3-yr-old (YOUNG; n = 29) and 4- to 8-yr-old (MATURE; n = 30) cows. Within breed type and age class, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 pens for a total of 8 pens, each housing 7 to 9 cow/calf pairs. To determine maintenance energy requirements, cows and calves were limit-fed for 105 d to body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) stasis. There were no differences between breeds in cow hip height, BW, average milk yield (P > 0.31), diet digestibility, or cow maintenance energy requirement (P = 0.54). Crossbred cows had greater BCS (P < 0.05) throughout the experiment. Efficiency of calf growth was not different between breeds when expressed as feed intake of the cow/calf pair nor as energy intake of the pair per unit of calf BW gain (P ≥ 0.31). Young cows produced less milk per day and per unit of BW0.75 (P < 0.01); however, there was no effect of cow age on maintenance energy requirement, diet digestibility, or efficiency of calf growth (P > 0.10). Subsequently, a 45-d experiment was conducted to determine voluntary low-quality forage intake. Cows were housed in dry-lot pens equipped with shade, windbreaks, and feed bunks with free-choice access to clean water and a chopped hay ration was provided ad libitum to determine forage intake. Daily forage intake was lower (P = 0.05) for HA compared with ANG (123 vs. 132 g/kg BW0.75, respectively) although there was no difference in BW. However, HA cows sustained greater BCS (P < 0.01). There was no difference (P = 0.60) in forage intake per unit of BW0.75 due to cow age. Results indicate similar calf growth efficiency among breed types although crossbred cows maintained greater body energy stores and consumed less low-quality forage during the voluntary intake experiment. These differences could not be attributed to lower maintenance energy requirements. Neither maintenance energy requirement nor calf growth efficiency was different between young and mature cows.

Effect of reduction in phosphorus intake on salivary phosphorus secretion and on duodenal digesta and dry-matter flow in sheep

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Scott ◽  
W. Buchan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Phosphorus Requirements ◽  
Phosphorus Intake ◽  
Matter Flow

The Agricultural Research Council (1980) has recently published revised estimates of the phosphorus requirements for ruminants. These new estimates are considerably lower than those formerly recommended (Agricultural Research Council, 1965) and some concern has been expressed as to whether or not they are adequate (Cooke, 1982; Todd, 1983).

Verification of the Agricultural Research Council (1981) recommendations on energy requirement of the pregnant sow

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 31-31
Author(s):  
Pauline A. Lee ◽  
K.G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Pregnancy Weight ◽  
The Relationship

The Agricultural Research Council (1981) states the energy requiremnets for pregnant sows in terms of amounts needed per day to ensure specific net pregnancy weight gains for differing weights at service (Table 1.). An experiment was set up primarily to test the validity of these recommendations which were derived by factorial calculations and secondly to examine the relationship between condition (P2 measurement) and weight changes over the reproductive cycle.

scholarly journals Effect of concentrate: voluminous ratio on the performance of Santa Inês lambs

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1637-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Palomo de Oliveira ◽  
Juan Rámon Olalquiaga Perez ◽  
Joel Augusto Muniz ◽  
Antonio Ricardo Evangelista ◽  
José Camisão de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Santa Inês ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Concentrate Inclusion

The experiment was carried out in the sheep division of Universidade Federal de Lavras, aiming to evaluate the effect of different concentrate : voluminous ratio on the performance of Santa Inês lamb after wean. 40 lambs, male uncastrated, were used and fed with four different diets: diet A (100% concentrate), diet B (75:25 concentrate : voluminous) , diet C (50:50 concentrate : voluminous) , diet D (25:75 concentrate : voluminous). The experimental diets were isoproteic, differing only on its levels of concentrate : voluminous and balanced to meet the nutritional demands according to the recommendation of the Agricultural Research Council (1980). The experimental period was not pre-established, because it corresponded to the necessary period for the last lamb to reach the live weight of 35kg. The dry matter consumption (DMC), crude protein consumption (CPC), fiber in neutral detergent consumption (FNDC) and fiber in acid detergent consumption (FADC), were affected by the different concentrate : voluminous ratio, in which, the animals that received diets with higher concentrate inclusion presenting better results for the variables related to the development. The lambs fed with the diet containing higher inclusion of voluminous did not present weight gain, on the contrary, presented weight loss, since none of the animals reached slaughter weight and the mortality rate was extremely high (80%).

A note on the effect of the dry-matter concentration in forages on water consumption of yearling steers

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sekine ◽  
Y. Asahida
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Dry Matter Concentration ◽  
Matter Concentration

Water consumption has been considered to be a function of dry-matter (DM) intake (Leitch and Thomson, 1944; Winchester and Morris, 1956). Thus, water requirement for ruminants has been presented as kg per unit of DM intake (Agricultural Research Council (ARC), 1965; Japanese Agricultural and Fishery Technology Council, 1974). Little work, however, has been done on the effect of the DM concentration of a diet on water consumption in cattle.

Net utilization of roughage and concentrate diets by sheep

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. I. Wilke ◽  
F. J. Van Der Merwe
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Energy Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
Body Energy

1. Two diets, an all-roughage diet and a high-concentrate diet, were fed at two levels, a low level of estimated 1.5 times maintenance energy requirement and a higher level of estimated two times maintenance energy requirement, to South African Mutton Merino castrated male sheep, aged 13 months and in fairly lean condition at the start of the 93 d experimental period..2. Body composition and energy retention were determined using the comparative slaughter technique and two series of digestibility and balance studies were done during the course of the experiment. Metabolizability of each diet was estimated and corrected for fermentation heat using the fermentation balance approach..3. Although there were significantly different rates of energy gain on different diets and feeding levels, fat energy gained (% total energy gained) was similar for the four groups, i.e. 78–80..4. Regression of energy gain v. corrected metabolizable energy (ME) intake indicated that the maintenance energy requirements of sheep used in this experiment were 310.2 and 302.3 kJ ME/kg body-weight0.75 per d and the values for net utilization of ME for body energy gain were 0.411 and 0.479 with the roughage and concentrate diets respectively..5. It was concluded that the estimated maintenance energy requirements of sheep obtained in this study are realistic values and that the efficiency of utilization of surplus ME for the two diets did not differ significantly.

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