Influence of preseason weed management and in-crop treatments on two successive wheat crops. 2. Take-all severity and incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
PTW Wong ◽  
PM Dowling ◽  
LA Tesoriero ◽  
HI Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Lower Incidence ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Heavy Grazing ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Take All

The effects of cultivation and herbicide use to control weeds in wheat on wheat growth, the severity of take-all, and the incidence of rhizoctonia root rot were studied for 2 seasons. Preseason treatments were no weed control, paraquat (0.20 kg a.i./ha), glyphosate (0.18 kg a.i./ha or 4 applications of 0.72 kg a.i./ha), and heavy grazing. In-crop treatments were cultivation plus trifluralin, direct drilling plus chlorsulfuron, and direct drilling alone. At the site, take-all was the main disease while rhizoctonia root rot was relatively minor. Glyphosate applied 4 times at 0.72 kg a.i./ha over the previous spring and summer led to greater wheat dry matter (DM) production, significantly (P<0.05) less severe take-all, and a lower incidence of rhizoctonia root rot in the first year than the other preseason treatments. Spraytopping with glyphosate (0.18 kg a.i./ha) or paraquat (0.20 kg a.i./ha) and heavy grazing reduced take-all severity but not the incidence of rhizoctonia root rot. Conventional cultivation resulted in more wheat DM, significantly less severe take-all, and a lower incidence of rhizoctonia root rot than direct drilling. Grain yields reflected the trends of the DM production despite severe yield loss due to head frosting. Plots were split for cultivation and direct drilling in the second year. The highest wheat DM and grain yields were in the cultivated treatments but the effects of cultivation on take-all did not carry over from the first year. In both years, take-all was most severe in the control treatment and least severe in the treatment with the high rate of glyphosate (P<0.05). In the second wheat crop, however, take-all severity was similar in the 2 glyphosate, paraquat, and grazed treatments. The effect of a weed-free fallow obtained by use of a high rate of glyphosate was nullified in the second wheat crop because of a high carryover of volunteer wheat seedlings during the intervening wet summer. There was also a greater incidence of rhizoctonia root rot in the control than in the other treatments, and cultivation again reduced disease incidence compared with direct drilling.

Effects of cultivation on Rhizoctonia root rot, cereal cyst nematode, common root rot and yield of wheat in the Victorian Mallee

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
RFde Boer ◽  
JF Kollmorgen ◽  
BJ Macauley ◽  
PR Franz ◽  
Boer RF De
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Common Root ◽  
Common Root Rot ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Direct Drilling

The effects of method, time and number of cultivations on root diseases and yield of wheat were studied in a field experiment, in 1985, on a calcareous sandy loam in the Victorian Mallee. The incidence and severity of rhizoctonia root rot (Rhizoctonia solani) were higher in direct-drilled wheat than in wheat sown after cultivation. Compared with direct drilling, the severity of rhizoctonia root rot in seedlings was reduced by 40% with cultivation 20 weeks before sowing; by 70% with cultivation 1 day before sowing; and by 90% with 2 cultivations, the first at 16 weeks and the second 1 day before sowing. Cultivation generally increased the incidence of common root rot (Bipolaris sorokiniana) but had no significant effects on the severity of damage by the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) or the number of nematode cysts produced, compared with direct drilling. The incidence and severity of root diseases, and the number of H. avenae cysts produced, were not significantly different in wheat sown after rotary hoeing than in wheat sown after scarifying. The severity of damage by H. avenae, the number of nematode cysts and the incidence of common root rot were higher (45, 70 and 36%, respectively) when scarifying was done 1 day before sowing, compared with scarifying 20 weeks earlier. Differences in sowing depth probably caused this effect since seed was sown deeper (as indicated by subcrown internode lengths) and plant emergence was less in the latter treatment. The timing and number of cultivations with a rotary hoe, however, did not significantly affect the severity of damage by H. avenae, the number of nematode cysts or the incidence of common root rot. The incidence of common root rot was correlated (r = 0.71) with the subcrown internode lengths, indicating that the deeper the seed was sown the greater the proportion of plants with the disease. Dry weight of seedlings and grain yield were negatively correlated (r = -0.79 and -0.66) with the severity of damage caused by H. avenae. Plant dry weight and grain yield were, however, not correlated with the severity of rhizoctonia root rot or the incidence of common root rot.

scholarly journals Pseudomonas synxantha 2-79 Transformed with Pyrrolnitrin Biosynthesis Genes Has Improved Biocontrol Activity Against Soilborne Pathogens of Wheat and Canola

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 1010-1017
Author(s):  
Jibin Zhang ◽  
Dmitri V. Mavrodi ◽  
Mingming Yang ◽  
Linda S. Thomashow ◽  
Olga V. Mavrodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Recombinant Strains ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Take All

A four-gene operon (prnABCD) from Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 encoding the biosynthesis of the antibiotic pyrronitrin was introduced into P. synxantha (formerly P. fluorescens) 2-79, an aggressive root colonizer of both dryland and irrigated wheat roots that naturally produces the antibiotic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and suppresses both take-all and Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat. Recombinant strains ZHW15 and ZHW25 produced both antibiotics and maintained population sizes in the rhizosphere of wheat that were comparable to those of strain 2-79. The recombinant strains inhibited in vitro the wheat pathogens Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 8 (AG-8) and AG-2-1, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium culmorum, and F. pseudograminearum significantly more than did strain 2-79. Both the wild-type and recombinant strains were equally inhibitory of Pythium ultimum. When applied as a seed treatment, the recombinant strains suppressed take-all, Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat, and Rhizoctonia root and stem rot of canola significantly better than did wild-type strain 2-79.

Effect of timing of pasture grass removal on subsequent take-all incidence and yield in wheat in southern New South Wales

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Kidd ◽  
G. M. Murray ◽  
J. E. Pratley ◽  
A. R. Leys
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Take All

Winter cleaning is the removal of grasses from pasture using selective herbicides applied during winter. We compared the effectiveness of an early (June) and late (July) winter cleaning with an early spring herbicide fallow (September), spring (October) herbicide and no disturbance of the pasture on development of the root disease take-all in the subsequent wheat crop. Experiments were done at 5 sites in the eastern Riverina of New South Wales in 1990 and 1991. The winter clean treatments reduced soil inoculum of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) compared with the other treatments at all sites as measured by a bioassay, with reductions from the undisturbed treatments of 52–79% over 5 sites. The winter clean treatments also significantly reduced the amount of take-all that developed in the subsequent wheat crop by between 52 and 83%. The early and late winter clean treatments increased the number of heads/m2 at 3 and 1 sites, respectively. Dry matter at anthesis was increased by the winter clean treatments at 3 sites. Grain yield was increased by the winter cleaning treatments over the other treatments at the 4 sites harvested, with yield increases of the early winter clean over the undisturbed treatment from 13 to 56%. The autumn bioassay of Ggt was positively correlated with spring take-all and negatively correlated with grain yield of the subsequent wheat crop at each site. However, there was a significant site and site × bioassay interaction so that the autumn bioassay could not be used to predict the amount of take-all that would develop.

scholarly journals Bacillus sp. L324-92 for Biological Control of Three Root Diseases of Wheat Grown with Reduced Tillage

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dal-Soo Kim ◽  
R. James Cook ◽  
David M. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Take All

Strain L324-92 is a novel Bacillus sp. with biological activity against three root diseases of wheat, namely take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG8, and Pythium root rot caused mainly by Pythium irregulare and P. ultimum, that exhibits broad-spectrum inhibitory activity and grows at temperatures from 4 to 40°C. These three root diseases are major yieldlimiting factors for wheat in the U.S. Inland Pacific Northwest, especially wheat direct-drilled into the residue of a previous cereal crop. Strain L324-92 was selected from among approximately 2,000 rhizosphere/rhizoplane isolates of Bacillus species isolated from roots of wheat collected from two eastern Washington wheat fields that had long histories of wheat. Roots were washed, heat-treated (80°C for 30 min), macerated, and dilution-plated on 1/10-strength tryptic soy agar. Strain L324-92 inhibited all isolates of G. graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia species and anastomosis groups, and Pythium species tested on agar at 15°C; provided significant suppression of all three root diseases at 15°C in growth chamber assays; controlled either Rhizoctonia root rot, takeall, or both; and increased yields in field tests in which one or more of the three root diseases of wheats were yield-limiting factors. The ability of L324-92 to grow at 4°C probably contributes to its biocontrol activity on direct-drilled winter and spring wheat because, under Inland Northwest conditions, leaving harvest residues of the previous crop on the soil surface keeps soils cooler compared with tilled soils. These results suggest that Bacillus species with desired traits for biological control of wheat root diseases are present within the community of wheat rhizosphere microorganisms and can be recovered by protocols developed earlier for isolation of fluorescent Pseudomonas species effective against take-all.

scholarly journals Childhood injury after a parental cancer diagnosis

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruoqing Chen ◽  
Amanda Regodón Wallin ◽  
Arvid Sjölander ◽  
Unnur Valdimarsdóttir ◽  
Weimin Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Parental Cancer ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
After Cancer ◽  
Hospital Contact

A parental cancer diagnosis is psychologically straining for the whole family. We investigated whether a parental cancer diagnosis is associated with a higher-than-expected risk of injury among children by using a Swedish nationwide register-based cohort study. Compared to children without parental cancer, children with parental cancer had a higher rate of hospital contact for injury during the first year after parental cancer diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22-1.33), especially when the parent had a comorbid psychiatric disorder after cancer diagnosis (HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.08-1.85). The rate increment declined during the second and third year after parental cancer diagnosis (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.07-1.14) and became null afterwards (HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.99-1.03). Children with parental cancer also had a higher rate of repeated injuries than the other children (HR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.12-1.15). Given the high rate of injury among children in the general population, our findings may have important public health implications.

scholarly journals Biological Control of Wheat Root Diseases by the CLP-Producing Strain Pseudomonas fluorescens HC1-07

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Ming Yang ◽  
Shan-Shan Wen ◽  
Dmitri V. Mavrodi ◽  
Olga V. Mavrodi ◽  
Diter von Wettstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Soilborne Disease ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Take All

Pseudomonas fluorescens HC1-07, previously isolated from the phyllosphere of wheat grown in Hebei province, China, suppresses the soilborne disease of wheat take-all, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. We report here that strain HC1-07 also suppresses Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-8. Strain HC1-07 produced a cyclic lipopeptide (CLP) with a molecular weight of 1,126.42 based on analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Extracted CLP inhibited the growth of G. graminis var. tritici and R. solani in vitro. To determine the role of this CLP in biological control, plasposon mutagenesis was used to generate two nonproducing mutants, HC1-07viscB and HC1-07prtR2. Analysis of regions flanking plasposon insertions in HC1-07prtR2 and HC1-07viscB revealed that the inactivated genes were similar to prtR and viscB, respectively, of the well-described biocontrol strain P. fluorescens SBW25 that produces the CLP viscosin. Both genes in HC1-07 were required for the production of the viscosin-like CLP. The two mutants were less inhibitory to G. graminis var. tritici and R. solani in vitro and reduced in ability to suppress take-all. HC1-07viscB but not HC-07prtR2 was reduced in ability to suppress Rhizoctonia root rot. In addition to CLP production, prtR also played a role in protease production.

Use of strains of Bacillus isolated in China to suppress take-all and rhizoctonia root rot, and promote seedling growth of glasshouse-grown wheat in Australian soils

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten H Ryder ◽  
Zhinong Yan ◽  
Teri E Terrace ◽  
Albert D Rovira ◽  
Wenhua Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Take All

Changes in take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici), Rhizoctonia root rot (Rhizoctonia solani) and soil pH in continuous wheat with annual applications of nitrogenous fertiliser in Western Australia

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC MacNish
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that: (i) continuous cropping with wheat would lead to a decline in take-all, (ii) ammonium nitrogen would reduce take-all compared with nitrate nitrogen, and (iii) that both sources of nitrogen would lead to a decline in soil pH. Attempts were also made to confirm that rhizoctonia root rot would vary unpredictably in continuous wheat and would be reduced by nitrogen. Wheat was grown without nitrogen (Nil) or with sodium nitrate (SN) or ammonium sulfate (AS) for 11, 10 and 9 consecutive years at Newdegate, Esperance and Mount Barker respectively. Rates of nitrogen were 50, 25 and 45 kg ha-1 at Newdegate, Esperance and Mount Barker respectively. A decline in take-all incidence was established at Newdegate, and plots treated with AS generally had a lower take-all incidence than did plots without nitrogen or treated with SN. At Esperance, a decline in take-all incidence was established only in AS treated plots. Take-all incidence was lower in plots treated with AS than plots without nitrogen or treated with SN in 6 years out of 10 at Esperance. No take-all decline was observed at Mount Barker and take-all incidence was rarely lower in plots treated with AS than in those without nitrogen or treated with SN. All treatments reduced soil pH at Newdegate and Esperance, which were weakly buffered sites, but at Mount Barker (a highly buffered site) only AS reduced pH. Rhizoctonia root rot was not found at Mount Barker. At Newdegate and Esperance it first occurred in the eighth and fifth crops respectively. Incidence peaked at about 60% of plants being affected in the ninth crop at Newdegate and 95% in year 7 at Esperance, and then declined to less than 5% at both sites. Applications of nitrogen had no effect on incidence of rhizoctonia root rot. Yields varied considerably between sites and years. Combining results for all years at each site showed that AS increased yield at all sites and SN increased yields at Newdegate and Mount Barker compared with no nitrogen. The continued use of AS at Mount Barker eventually had an adverse effect on yield.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document