Perennial legumes for the high rainfall zone of eastern Australia. 2. Persistence and potential adaptation zones

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hill ◽  
C Mulcahy ◽  
GG Rapp
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Astragalus Cicer ◽  
Climatic Responses ◽  
Good Stand ◽  
Perennial Legumes

Cultivars and accessions of a range of perennial legumes were evaluated in small plot field trials at 4 on-farm locations on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. Variable establishment from seed resulted in good stands at 2 sites, and moderate to poor stands at the other 2 sites. In spite of this, trends in behaviour of individual species were apparent even where stands were very poor. This was exemplified by the gradual improvement in frequency of Trifolium medium at the most montane site. Trifolium ambiguum and Coronilla varia were most persistent across all sites. Good stands of Lotus corniculatus, L. pedunculatus, T. pratense and Medicago sativa thinned out within several years with M. sativa most persistent. Astragalus cicer thinned out rapidly on the relatively acidic soils but maintained a good stand at 1 site on a deep, free-draining granite. From these results and known climatic responses, simple logical rules were constructed to predict potential legume adaptation zones for eastern Australia. The zones of adaptation for the range of species are compared with a nominal zone for T. repens to identify areas where legume persistence might be improved with additional species.

Response by irrigated grain sorghum to broadcast gypsum and phosphorus on a heavy clay soil

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (48) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Noble ◽  
CR Kleinig
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Phosphorus Application

In two successive field trials at Deniliquin, New South Wales, irrigated grain sorghum was sown at three rates of gypsum (0, 4,480, and 8,960 lb an acre), and four rates of phosphorus application (0, 25, 50, and 100 lb an acre) on Billabong clay, a brown clay commonly found on the Riverine Plain of south-eastern Australia. There was a significant response to broadcast gypsum in terms of seedling emergence, tillering, and panicle production. Furthermore, there was a positive interaction between gypsum and phosphorus response which was clearly demonstrated by the yield of total dry matter and grain in the first year. Although there was a response to phosphorus in the absence of gypsum, the more effective use of phosphorus on the gypsum treatments, particularly at the higher rates of fertilizer application, was attributed to improved soil water storage. In the second year, the residual value of applied gypsum was greater following application at 8,960 lb. an acre than at 4,480 lb an acre during the previous year. Residual phosphorus had little effect in the year following application.

Mychodea and the Mychodeaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular analyses shed light on interspecies relationships in Australia’s largest endemic algal genus and family

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Gerald T. Kraft ◽  
Gary W. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Reproductive Material ◽  
Algal Genus ◽  
The Individual

The red algal genus Mychodea Hook.f. & Harv. is not only Australia’s largest wholly endemic macroalgal genus, it and the family Mychodeaceae (of which it is the sole member) appear to be the largest completely endemic algal genus and family from any continental landmass in the world. Kraft’s 1978 morpho-taxonomic monograph credited Mychodea with 11 species varyingly distributed between Geraldton, Western Australia, south and eastward across the coasts of South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania, and northwards into southern New South Wales. Dismissed or discounted was every former extra-Australian attribution of the genus. In the over 40 years since completion of the research, further explorations of marine habitats in Australia have uncovered additional species, and the application of molecular-assisted taxonomic and phylogenetic methodologies has now allowed a substantial refinement of Mychodea systematics. We here document 19 Mychodea species, for 16 of which we have molecular data that support inferences of probable species relationships. To the 11 species treated by Kraft we now add 4 that are recently discovered, resurrect 2 that were synonymised with a third species in his 1978 work, and treat 2 species-level Western Australian entities that remain unnamed for lack of sufficient reproductive material. Mychodea is characterised by elaborate vegetative structures and some of the most complex fertilisation, diploidisation and embryogenesis processes of any red alga, which we detail and illustrate. Distinguishing features of the individual species are highlighted, some of which are particularly unusual.

WOODS OF EUCALYPTUS – PART 2 DISTINGUISHING SPECIES FROM THE STRINGYBARK GROUP: (E. baxteri, E. globoidea, E. muelleriana, E. macrorhyncha, E. consideniana and E. sieberi)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ilic
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Pore Number

In Australia the stringybark group of eucalypts comprises at least 25 species of Eucalyptus from the botanical series Capitellatae. The species are abundant in south-eastern Australia, and four groups (white, yellow, brown and red) of the commercial timber come mainly from Victoria and New South Wales and these include E. baxteri (Benth.) Maiden, E. globoidea Blakely & Blakely, E. macrorhyncha F. Muell. ex Benth., and E. muelleriana Howitt. As with the ‘ash group’ of eucalypts, the timbers are similar in appearance, and although they are heavier than the ash group, there are some overlapping characteristics. Two additional species, E. consideniana Maiden (yertchuk) and E. sieberi L.A.S. Johnson (silvertop ash), outside the stringybark group, were studied as their woods also closely resemble those from the stringybark group.Differences were found between the species in vessel diameter and density, ray content, amount of axial parenchyma, distinctness of growth rings, basic density and wood colour. Most of the useful differences arise from extremes of these characteristics. Eucalyptus macrorhyncha (red stringybark) can be identified when the pore number is greater than 15/mm2, the average maximum tangential diameter is less than 140 μm, by ray width and content and from the definite pink-reddish colour. Eucalyptus sieberi can be distinguished definitely from E. muelleriana, and fairly certainly from E. globoidea and E. baxteri by uniformly distributed deposits in the rays. Considerable overlap in wood structure exists among E. muelleriana, E. globoidea and E. baxteri making their separation on wood characteristics impractical. Photomicrographs illustrating various points have been included together with a key for separation between the species studied. Similarities to other species including E. acmenoides, E. microcorys, E. obliqua, E. phaeotricha, and E. pilularis are discussed.

Perennial legumes for the high rainfall zone of eastern Australia. 1. Evaluation in single rows and selection of Caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.)

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hill ◽  
C Mulcahy ◽  
GG Rapp
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Lespedeza Cuneata ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Astragalus Cicer ◽  
Glasshouse Screening ◽  
Perennial Legume

A range of perennial legume species, including Trifolium ambiguum, T medium, Astragalus cicer, Coronilla varia, Lotus corniculatus, L. pedunculatus, and Lespedeza cuneata, were evaluated in glasshouse and field trials in 1989-92 at Armidale, New South Wales. Hexaploid germplasm of T. ambiguum was subjected to selection for increased seedling vigour, early biomass production and profuse flowering in glasshouse screening and spaced plant field nurseries. On an acid, solodic soil, T. ambiguum and T. medium grew modestly, Lotus spp. grew vigorously initially, but died out within 3 years, A. cicer and C. varia failed to persist beyond 1 year, but isolated plants of Lespedeza cuneata thrived. On an acid, freedraining, red-basalt soil, all accessions grew vigorously until early 1991. During the succeeding drought, Lotus sp. died out, A. cicer thinned out on the acid soil, but T. ambiguum, T medium, and C. varia remained persistent and productive. A large nursery of A. cicer accessions on the same soil limed to 5 t/ha before planting remained vigorous to the present. Superior hexaploid material of T ambiguum selected from spaced plants, originated chiefly from CPI 43909 and the ARS-2678 germplasm collection from Utah, USA.

Grain protein responses to nitrogen applied to wheat growing on a red earth

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 735 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Angus ◽  
RA Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Subsequent Crop ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Dryland wheat was fertilized with ammonium nitrate or liquid urea-ammonium nitrate at the time of sowing or about 3 months later (generally at the terminal-spikelet stage) on a well-drained site near Harden on the south-west slopes of New South Wales. The experiments continued from the second to the fifth year (1981-1984) of the cropping phase of a crop-pasture rotation. The maximum agronomic efficiencies for yield in the four consecutive years were 19, 4, 23 and 25 kg grain per kg of applied nitrogen (N). The three large responses were obtained in wetter than average seasons and the small response was obtained during drought. In the last three years of the study the yield response to nitrogen at the terminal-spikelet stage was found to be close to but slightly less than that for N applied at sowing. In those years the agronomic efficiencies for the late-applied N were 0, 22 and 22. The apparent recovery of fertilizer N in the above-ground parts of the crop at maturity was up to 70% of the fertilizer applied in the year of sowing, and, after the drought during which there was little uptake of fertilizer N, up to 62% by the subsequent crop. The fertilizer efficiencies in the non-drought years were higher than generally reported in south-eastern Australia, and indicate potential for profitable delayed application of N fertilizer to wheat. Grain-protein responses were variable from year to year and are discussed against a simple theoretical background of the amount of N applied and grain-yield response.

Evidence of High Sea Level during Isotope Stage 5c in Queensland, Australia

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Pickett ◽  
C. H. Thompson ◽  
R. A. Kelley ◽  
D. Roman
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
New South ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Intertidal Sediments ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Maximum Period ◽  
High Dune

Thirty-nine species of scleractinian corals have been recovered from under a high dune on the western (mainland) side of North Stradbroke Island, eastern Australia. The corals are associated with thin intertidal sediments and their good condition implies burial in situ and preservation in a saturated zone. Most likely this occurred as the coast prograded and a large dune advanced into the littoral zone, burying intertidal sediments and coral. The species assemblage indicates a sheltered environment but one open to the ocean without wide fluctuations in salinity. Three species yielded a mean 230Th/234U age of 105,000 yr B.P. which is significantly younger than the nearest Pleistocene corals at Evans Head, New South Wales. The corals provide evidence of a sea stand near present sea level during isotope Stage 5c, which is considerably higher than previously suggested for this period. Their good condition implies that the overlying parabolic dune is of comparable age and formed during that high stand of sea level. Also, the isotope age provides a maximum period for the development of giant podzols in the podzol chronosequences on coastal dunes in southern Queensland.

Evaluation of pasture legumes sown into a prepared seedbed at Tamworth, New South Wales. 2. Seed production and seed reserves

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Medicago Scutellata ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Annual Medics ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
Seed Yields

Plots sown in 1983 were used to examine the seed production and reserves (residual hardseeds) of 15 annual legumes over 5 years at Tamworth in northern New South Wales. Seed production characteristics were measured in 1983 for these annuals, and for 6 perennial legumes. After the annuals had set seed in 1983, an area of the plots was sprayed to prevent flowering in subsequent years, and the rates of decline in seed reserves were compared with those from areas that seeded annually. Seed yields of the perennials were often significantly lower than those of the annuals except Trifolium glomeratum. Seed yields of T. subterraneum var. subterraneum cvv. Seaton Park and Woogenellup were significantly higher than those of cv. Nungarin and T. subterrarzeum var. brachycalycinum cv. Clare. Seed numbers were lowest for Medicago scutellata cv. Sava among the annual medics, and for Nungarin among subterranean clovers. There was little relationship between the mean number of seeds produced from 1983-86 and maturity grading, and between seed numbers and relative dry matter yield. Seed reserves decreased over 5 years by more than 90% in the sprayed treatments of all species. This decrease was not continuous, with the largest declines occurring from December 1983 to August 1984. In the sprayed treatments of Seaton Park, Woogenellup, and Clare, and in both treatments of Astragalus hamosus cv. Ioman, Vicia dasycarpa var. villosa cv. Namoi, and T. hirtum cv. Hykon, none of the original 1983 seed was recovered in 1987. For the annual medics and Nungarin, the number of residual hardseeds in the sprayed treatments in 1987 was about 3-5% of the seed produced in 1983. From 1983 to 1987, seed numbers in the unsprayed treatments declined by 7040% for the annual medics and by 85-95% for Seaton Park, Woogenellup, and Clare. Long-term persistence of annual medics and Nungarin depended on seed production in most years and the maintenance of a high number of residual hardseeds in the soil. In contrast, the mid- and late-maturing subterranean clovers Woogenellup and Clare had low seed reserves and were dependent on seed production in most years for their continued regeneration.

An Aerial Survey of 3 Game Species of Waterfowl (Family Anatidae) Populations in Eastern Australia

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
LW Braithwaite ◽  
M Maher ◽  
SV Briggs ◽  
BS Parker
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Aerial Survey ◽  
Game Species ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Black Duck ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Central Eastern

Populations of waterfowl of three game species, the Pacific black duck Anus superciliosa, grey teal A. gibberifrons, and maned duck Chenonetta jubata, were assessed by aerial survey in October 1983 within a survey region of 2 697 000 km2 of eastern Australia. The numbers of each species were assessed on all surface waters of over 1 ha, and on a sample of smaller surface waters within 10 survey bands each 30 km wide and spaced at intervals of 2� latitude from 20�30' to 38�30'S. The area within the survey bands was 324 120 km2, which gave a sampling intensity of 12.0% of the land surface area. The area of features shown as wetlands or water impoundments within the survey bands on 1 : 2 500 000 topographic maps was 19 200 km2 or 11.2% of the total area of these features in the survey region. The area of surface waters surveyed was assessed at 465 300 ha. Assessments of populations of each species were tallied for wetlands by grid cells of 6 min of 1� longitude along the survey bands (258-309 km2 depending on latitude). Distributions were then mapped, with log*10 indices of populations in each cell. Distributions of the black duck and grey teal showed a pattern of intense aggregation in limited numbers of cells, that of the maned duck was more evenly distributed. The major concentrations of the Pacific black duck were recorded in northern New South Wales and the south-eastern, western, central eastern and central coastal regions of Queensland; those of the grey teal were in south-western, western and northern New South Wales and central-eastern Queensland; the maned duck was broadly distributed over inland New South Wales with the exception of the far west, inland southern Queensland, and central northern Victoria.

scholarly journals The Tumbarumba Basaltic Gem Field, New South Wales: in relation to sapphire-ruby deposits of eastern Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Sutherland ◽  
I. T. Graham ◽  
R. E. Pogson ◽  
D. Schwarz ◽  
G. B. Webb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia

Biology of angel sharks (Squatina sp.) and sawsharks (Pristiophorus sp.) caught in south-eastern Australian trawl fisheries and the New South Wales shark-meshing (bather-protection) program

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Raoult ◽  
V. Peddemors ◽  
J. E. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Total Length ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Trawl Fisheries ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Two species of angel shark (Squatina australis, S. albipunctata) and two species of sawshark (Pristiophorus nudipinnis, P. cirratus) are frequently caught in south-eastern Australia. Little is known of the biology of these elasmobranchs, despite being caught as secondary target species in large numbers. The present study collected morphometric and reproductive data from sharks caught in shark-control nets, commercial fishing trawlers and research trawlers in south-eastern Australia. All four species had female-biased sexual size dimorphism, but growth curves between sexes did not differ. Male S. australis individuals were fully mature at ~800-mm total length, male P. nudipinnis at ~900mm, and male P. cirratus at ~800mm. Anterior pectoral margins could be used to determine total length in all species. No morphometric measurement could reliably separate Squatina spp. or Pristiophorus spp., although S. albipunctata over 1000-mm total length had larger eyes than did S. australis.

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