Mychodea and the Mychodeaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular analyses shed light on interspecies relationships in Australia’s largest endemic algal genus and family

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Gerald T. Kraft ◽  
Gary W. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Reproductive Material ◽  
Algal Genus ◽  
The Individual

The red algal genus Mychodea Hook.f. & Harv. is not only Australia’s largest wholly endemic macroalgal genus, it and the family Mychodeaceae (of which it is the sole member) appear to be the largest completely endemic algal genus and family from any continental landmass in the world. Kraft’s 1978 morpho-taxonomic monograph credited Mychodea with 11 species varyingly distributed between Geraldton, Western Australia, south and eastward across the coasts of South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania, and northwards into southern New South Wales. Dismissed or discounted was every former extra-Australian attribution of the genus. In the over 40 years since completion of the research, further explorations of marine habitats in Australia have uncovered additional species, and the application of molecular-assisted taxonomic and phylogenetic methodologies has now allowed a substantial refinement of Mychodea systematics. We here document 19 Mychodea species, for 16 of which we have molecular data that support inferences of probable species relationships. To the 11 species treated by Kraft we now add 4 that are recently discovered, resurrect 2 that were synonymised with a third species in his 1978 work, and treat 2 species-level Western Australian entities that remain unnamed for lack of sufficient reproductive material. Mychodea is characterised by elaborate vegetative structures and some of the most complex fertilisation, diploidisation and embryogenesis processes of any red alga, which we detail and illustrate. Distinguishing features of the individual species are highlighted, some of which are particularly unusual.

DNA barcoding reveals multiple overlooked Australian species of the red algal order Rhodymeniales (Florideophyceae), with resurrection of Halopeltis J. Agardh and description of Pseudohalopeltis gen. nov.

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
pp. 639-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Saunders ◽  
Brian McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcode ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Cryptic Diversity ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Lord Howe Island ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Genetic Species

The DNA barcode (COI-5P) was used to investigate cryptic diversity among Rhodymenia spp. in southern Australia. Whereas eight species are currently recognized, we uncovered ca. 20 genetic species groups, phylogenetically assigned to four genera in two families. Procumbent specimens with molecular and anatomical signatures of the Fryeellaceae are assigned to Pseudohalopeltis tasmanensis gen. et sp. nov. Collections from Lord Howe Island recorded in the field as Rhodymenia / Fauchea sp. are assigned to the poorly known genus Microphyllum as Microphyllum robustum sp. nov. A cluster of species with distinct molecular and anatomical attributes is included in a resurrected Halopeltis J.G. Agardh, including Halopeltis australis (J. Agardh) comb. nov. (type species); Halopeltis austrina (Womersley) comb. nov.; Halopeltis cuneata (Harvey) comb. nov. [including Rhodymenia halymenioides (J. Agardh) Womersley]; Halopeltis gracilis sp. nov.; Halopeltis prostrata sp. nov.; and Halopeltis verrucosa (Womersley) comb. nov. Four additional species of Halopeltis from Lord Howe Island (LH1, LH2), Tasmania (TAS), and Western Australia are not characterized further. For Rhodymenia sensu stricto, similar levels of cryptic diversity were noted. Samples tentatively field-identified as “ Rhodymenia sonderi ,” but having affiliations to Rhodymenia rather than Halopeltis, are referred to Rhodymenia novahollandica sp. nov. Collections field-identified as R. obtusa are genetically distinct from that species and are assigned to Rhodymenia wilsonis (Sonder) comb. nov. Two highly divergent species currently identified as Rhodymenia leptophylla (LH from Lord Howe Island; TAS from Tasmania), as well as two additional cryptic previously unnamed taxa from South Australia (SA) and Victoria (VIC), are not characterized further.

Studies on structure in plant communities. V. Pattern in Atriplex vesicaria communities in South-Eastern Australia

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
New South ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Effective Rainfall ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Apparent Decrease ◽  
Original Vegetation ◽  
The Individual

The distribution pattern of Atriplex vesicaria (perennial saltbush) was examined in a number of locations extending from Hay in western New South Wales to Koonamore Station in South Australia. The populations sampled were from a range of locations exhibiting a variety of topographical, edaphic, and effective rainfall conditions. The scales and intensities of pattern varied considerably between sites, but in all sites there was evidence of contagion on at least two scales (both larger than could be attributed to the morphology of the individual plants) and in no instance was there evidence of uniform (underdispersed) distribution. The two major scales of pattern were attributable to the development of gregariousness and either the patchiness of nodulated limestone (or gypsum) in the soils or the development of gilgai relief. It was demonstrated for one site that drought stress had brought about an apparent decrease in the stocking density of A. vesicaria; this reduction of density was associated with a decline in pattern intensity, although the scales of pattern present in the original vegetation were maintained in the residual population.

Perennial legumes for the high rainfall zone of eastern Australia. 2. Persistence and potential adaptation zones

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hill ◽  
C Mulcahy ◽  
GG Rapp
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Astragalus Cicer ◽  
Climatic Responses ◽  
Good Stand ◽  
Perennial Legumes

Cultivars and accessions of a range of perennial legumes were evaluated in small plot field trials at 4 on-farm locations on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. Variable establishment from seed resulted in good stands at 2 sites, and moderate to poor stands at the other 2 sites. In spite of this, trends in behaviour of individual species were apparent even where stands were very poor. This was exemplified by the gradual improvement in frequency of Trifolium medium at the most montane site. Trifolium ambiguum and Coronilla varia were most persistent across all sites. Good stands of Lotus corniculatus, L. pedunculatus, T. pratense and Medicago sativa thinned out within several years with M. sativa most persistent. Astragalus cicer thinned out rapidly on the relatively acidic soils but maintained a good stand at 1 site on a deep, free-draining granite. From these results and known climatic responses, simple logical rules were constructed to predict potential legume adaptation zones for eastern Australia. The zones of adaptation for the range of species are compared with a nominal zone for T. repens to identify areas where legume persistence might be improved with additional species.

Growth, seed set and nitrogen fixation of 28 annual legume species on 3 Vertosol soils in southern New South Wales

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Dear ◽  
G. A. Sandral ◽  
M. B. Peoples ◽  
B. C. D. Wilson ◽  
J. N. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
First Year ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Melilotus Albus ◽  
Mass Size ◽  
The Individual

The adaptation of 28 annual legume species to heavy clay cracking soils prone to waterlogging during winter was evaluated at 3 sites ranging in pH (CaCl2) from 4.6 to 5.4 in the wheatbelt of southern NSW. The 32 accessions and cultivars included Medicago arabica, M. polymorpha, Melilotus albus (syn. M. alba), Trigonella balansae, and 24 Trifolium species. Species identified as potentially valuable new plants for these environments included Trifolium hirtum, T. echinatum, T. glanduliferum and M. arabica for winter production, and M. albus, T. echinatum, T. glanduliferum, T. isthmocarpum, T. pauciflorum, and T. purpureum for spring production. Current cultivars of T. subterraneum subsp. brachycalycinum cv. Clare, and subsp. yanninicum, cv. Riverina, T. resupinatum cvv. Kyambro, Nitro and Prolific, and T. michelianum cvv. Bolta and Paradana, and M. polymorpha cv. Santiago, also proved well adapted. Average seed mass (size) of the legume species varied from 0.3 mg to 8.9 mg/seed with a negative curvilinear relationship between individual seed mass of a species and the number of seed set at all 3 sites (r2 = 0.59–0.89). Seed mass of a species did not influence winter productivity or seed yield. The percentage of nitrogen biologically fixed by the individual species in the first year averaged over the 3 sites varied from 30 to 75%. Species which fixed the highest proportion of their nitrogen requirement were T. subterraneum, M. arabica, T. isthmocarpum and T. resupinatum cv. Kyambro, all fixing >62% of their shoot nitrogen and having a nitrogen content >3.0%. In contrast, T. sylvaticum, T. cherleri, T. spumosum, T. stellatum and T. glomeratum performed poorly at most sites, and fixed <42% of their nitrogen requirements (averaged over 3 sites) with <2.5% nitrogen in their tissue in spring.

Hypnea wynnei and Hypnea yokoyana (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta), two new species revealed by a DNA barcoding survey on the Brazilian coast

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 268 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABIO NAUER ◽  
VALÉRIA CASSANO ◽  
MARIANA C. OLIVEIRA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Basal Portion ◽  
Algal Genus ◽  
Lateral Branches

Two new species of the red algal genus Hypnea (Gigartinales) are described for the southeastern coast of Brazil based on three molecular markers (COI-5P, rbcL and UPA), detailed morphological analysis, and comparison with closely related species. These species were named H. wynnei Nauer, Cassano & M.C. Oliveira and H. yokoyana Nauer, Cassano & M.C. Oliveira. Hypnea wynnei is characterized primarily by its reduced size, sub-erect tufts with few lateral branches and entangled basal portion, a thallus that is flattened only at the apical portions, and tetrasporangial sori developed only at apical portions of the branchlets. Hypnea yokoyana is characterized by its larger thallus, profuse branching, entirely terete axes, larger diameter of the main axes, and lack of entangling at its base. The molecular data support the conclusion that H. wynnei and H. yokoyana are distinct from other Hypnea species and are distantly related to Hypnea from the Brazilian coast.

Molecular data reveals two new species of Hypnea (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta) from India: Hypnea indica sp. nov. and Hypnea bullata sp. nov.

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pushpendu Kundu ◽  
Felix Bast
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Axial Cell ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Algal Genus ◽  
A New Species

Abstract We used three molecular markers (COI-5P, rbcL and UPA) to investigate the diversity of Hypnea spp., an economically important red algal genus, collected from India. Our concatenated tree (COI-5P and rbcL) supported the monophyly of two new species, Hypnea indica sp. nov. and Hypnea bullata sp. nov. H. indica diverged from its closest two sister species, Hypnea cervicornis and Hypnea tenuis (by 15.9 and 11.2%, respectively, in COI-5P; and 3.4 and 3.2% in rbcL). We describe H. indica as a new species characterised by an erect, percurrent main axis with spine-like branchlets in acute angles, straight and forked apices, axial cells surrounded by large periaxial cells or two cells similar in size to the axial cell, and the presence of lenticular thickening in the cross-section of the thallus. H. bullata diverged from its closest sister species, Hypnea brasiliensis (by 10.9% in COI-5P and 3.3% in rbcL). H. bullata is characterized by a prostrate thallus up to 1.5 cm in height, highly anastomosed, with an axial cell surrounded by similar sized, or smaller, periaxial cells, tetrasporangia present near the base of branchlets, and the presence of lenticular thickening.

Relationship Between Diaspore Characteristics and Distribution of Grasses Around Sheep Camps on the Northern Tablelands of New-South-Wales

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Rogers ◽  
RDB Whalley
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Germination Characteristics ◽  
Dispersal Unit ◽  
The Individual

Twenty-seven common grasses on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales were classified according to their occurrence on or off sheep camps in unfertilised natural pastures. A number of seed and seed germination attributes were examined in relation to the distribution of the individual species. Camps had a greater proportion of introduced grasses, and of annual or short-lived perennials, than off-camp zones. The sheep camp grasses in general had heavier seeds, more rapid germination, and their seeds in general did not have a sharp callus, antrorse hairs on the callus, or awns. If awns were present on sheep camp species a lower proportion were hygroscopically active than for off-camp species. There were no differences in the presence or absence of accessory floral structures in the dispersal unit, hairs on the coleorrhiza or in the shapes of seeds between sheep camp and off-camp grasses. The differences in seed and seed germination characteristics found between sheep camp and off-camp species are explained in terms of the differences in environment (water stress and damage by sheep) encountered by grasses germinating and establishing on and off the sheep camps.

In A Fix: Fixed-Term Parliaments in the Australian States

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-298
Author(s):  
Peter Congdon
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Constitutional Amendments ◽  
South Wales

Constitutional systems of Westminster heritage are increasingly moving towards fixed-term parliaments to, amongst other things, prevent the Premier or Prime Minister opportunistically calling a ‘snap election’. Amongst the Australian states, qualified fixed-term parliaments currently exist in New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria. Queensland, Tasmania and Western Australia have also deliberated over whether to establish similar fixed-term parliaments. However, manner and form provisions in those states' constitutions entrench the Parliament's duration, Governor's Office and dissolution power. In Western Australia and Queensland, unlike Tasmania, such provisions are doubly entrenched. This article considers whether these entrenching provisions present legal obstacles to constitutional amendments establishing fixed-term parliaments in those two states. This involves examining whether laws fixing parliamentary terms fall within section 6 of the Australia Acts 1986 (Cth) & (UK). The article concludes by examining recent amendments to the Electoral Act 1907 (WA) designed to enable fixed election dates in Western Australia without requiring a successful referendum.

scholarly journals Gene Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis: Powerful Tools for an Improved Diagnosis of Fish Mycobacteriosis Caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum Group Members

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 797
Author(s):  
Davide Mugetti ◽  
Mattia Tomasoni ◽  
Paolo Pastorino ◽  
Giuseppe Esposito ◽  
Vasco Menconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Mycobacterium Fortuitum ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
The Individual

The Mycobacterium fortuitum group (MFG) consists of about 15 species of fast-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). These globally distributed microorganisms can cause diseases in humans and animals, especially fish. The increase in the number of species belonging to MFG and the diagnostic techniques panel do not allow to clarify their real clinical significance. In this study, biomolecular techniques were adopted for species determination of 130 isolates derived from fish initially identified through biochemical tests as NTM belonging to MFG. Specifically, gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were used based on a fragment of the gene encoding the 65 KDa heat shock protein (hsp65). The analyzes made it possible to confirm that all the isolates belong to MFG, allowing to identify the strains at species level. Phylogenetic analysis substantially confirmed what was obtained by gene sequencing, except for six strains; this is probably due to the sequences present in NCBI database. Although the methodology used cannot represent a univocal identification system, this study has allowed us to evaluate its effectiveness as regards the species of MFG. Future studies will be necessary to apply these methods with other gene fragments and to clarify the real pathogenic significance of the individual species of this group of microorganisms.

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