Changes in xylem tissue and laccase transcript abundance associated with posture recovery in Chamaecyparis obtusa saplings growing on an incline

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saori Sato ◽  
Hideto Hiraide ◽  
Masato Yoshida ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Transcription Level ◽  
Wood Compression ◽  
Xylem Tissue

Lignin is a major component of plant cell walls and is synthesised through oxidative polymerisation of monolignols. The transcription level of laccase, an enzyme implicated in monolignol polymerisation, is higher in the tissue forming compression wood than in normal wood. Compression wood, which is a special xylem tissue that develops to reorient inclined stems, also has a higher lignin content than normal wood. In the present study, Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl. saplings were grown on an incline and the following variables were tracked for 10 weeks: posture recovery of the saplings; development of xylem tissue on the lower side of inclined stems; and the transcription level of laccase. The posture of saplings approached vertical after 8 weeks, the development of compression wood reached a peak around 6 weeks and laccase transcription was the highest after 4 weeks. These results suggest a sequence of righting mechanisms. Inclination stimulates an increase in the abundance of laccase transcript and this increase encourages the formation of compression wood. The accumulation of compression wood then causes the stem to bend upward.

Deposition of Lignin in Differentiating Xylem Cell Walls of Normal and Compression Wood of Buxus microphylla var. insularis Nakai

Holzforschung ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuo Yoshizawa ◽  
Hiromi Ohba ◽  
Junko Uchiyama ◽  
Shinso Yokota
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Outer Region ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Buxus Microphylla

Summary The deposition process of lignins within differentiating xylem walls of normal and compression wood of Buxus microphylla var. insularis Nakai was examined by visible-light microspectrophotometry coupled with the Wiesner and Mäule reactions. Buxus formed compression wood on the underside of the leaning stems. The secondary walls of the vessels and fibre tracheids in compression wood showed an intense lignification in the outer region of S2 layer. The spectra of tissues after Mäule and Wiesner reactions showed absorption maxima of around 515 nm and 570 nm, respectively. In differentiating xylem cells of normal wood, lignin composed of both guaiacyl and syringyl units was deposited mainly during the S2 thickening and after formation of the S3 layer in fibre tracheids, whereas in vessels it was actively deposited mainly during the S2 thickening. In compression wood, the deposition of the lignin composed of guaiacyl units was observed for a long period from the early stages of the S2 thickening. Lignification was becoming particularly active at the outer portion of S2 layer after completion of the S2 thickening in both vessels and fibre tracheids. On the other hand, the syringyl units were deposited mainly during the S2 thickening in both cell types.

scholarly journals Fluorescence-Detected Linear Dichroism of Wood Cell Walls in Juvenile Serbian Spruce: Estimation of Compression Wood Severity

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Savić ◽  
Aleksandra Mitrović ◽  
Lloyd Donaldson ◽  
Jasna Simonović Radosavljević ◽  
Jelena Bogdanović Pristov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Linear Dichroism ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Qualitative Comparison ◽  
Cellulose Fibril ◽  
Cellulose Fibrils ◽  
Picea Omorika ◽  
Serbian Spruce

AbstractFluorescence-detected linear dichroism (FDLD) microscopy provides observation of structural order in a microscopic sample and its expression in numerical terms, enabling both quantitative and qualitative comparison among different samples. We applied FDLD microscopy to compare the distribution and alignment of cellulose fibrils in cell walls of compression wood (CW) and normal wood (NW) on stem cross-sections of juvenile Picea omorika trees. Our data indicate a decrease in cellulose fibril order in CW compared with NW. Radial and tangential walls differ considerably in both NW and CW. In radial walls, cellulose fibril order shows a gradual decrease from NW to severe CW, in line with the increase in CW severity. This indicates that FDLD analysis of cellulose fibril order in radial cell walls is a valuable method for estimation of CW severity.

scholarly journals Redesigning plant cell walls for the biomass-based bioeconomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (44) ◽  
pp. 15144-15157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Carpita ◽  
Maureen C. McCann
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance

Lignocellulosic biomass—the lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose that comprise major components of the plant cell well—is a sustainable resource that could be utilized in the United States to displace oil consumption from heavy vehicles, planes, and marine-going vessels and commodity chemicals. Biomass-derived sugars can also be supplied for microbial fermentative processing to fuels and chemicals or chemically deoxygenated to hydrocarbons. However, the economic value of biomass might be amplified by diversifying the range of target products that are synthesized in living plants. Genetic engineering of lignocellulosic biomass has previously focused on changing lignin content or composition to overcome recalcitrance, the intrinsic resistance of cell walls to deconstruction. New capabilities to remove lignin catalytically without denaturing the carbohydrate moiety have enabled the concept of the “lignin-first” biorefinery that includes high-value aromatic products. The structural complexity of plant cell-wall components also provides substrates for polymeric and functionalized target products, such as thermosets, thermoplastics, composites, cellulose nanocrystals, and nanofibers. With recent advances in the design of synthetic pathways, lignocellulosic biomass can be regarded as a substrate at various length scales for liquid hydrocarbon fuels, chemicals, and materials. In this review, we describe the architectures of plant cell walls and recent progress in overcoming recalcitrance and illustrate the potential for natural or engineered biomass to be used in the emerging bioeconomy.

Histochemistry of reaction wood differentiation in Pinus radiata D. Don

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Scurfield
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Wood Compression ◽  
Histochemical Tests

Histochemical tests have been applied to a study of the differentiation of the cell walls in reaction wood (compression wood) formed in the stems of horizontally grown seedlings of Pinus radiata. The results are discussed on the basis of the chemical specificity of the tests and the information they provide as to the chemical changes which occur in the cell walls.

Comparing Mechanical Properties of Normal and Compression Wood in Norway Spruce: The Role of Lignin in Compression Parallel to the Grain

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Gindl
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mechanical Testing ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Compression Failure

Summary Cell-wall lignin content and composition, as well as microfibril angle of normal and compression wood samples were determined prior to mechanical testing in compression parallel to the grain. No effect of increased lignin content on the Young's modulus in compression wood was discernible because of the dominating influence of microfibril angle. In contrast, compressive strength of compression wood was not negatively affected by the high microfibril angle. It is proposed that the observed high lignification in compression wood increases the resistance of the cell walls to compression failure. An increased percentage of p-hydroxyphenylpropane units observed in compression wood lignin may also contribute to the comparably high compressive strength of compression wood.

scholarly journals Visualising lignin quantitatively in plant cell walls by micro-Raman spectroscopy

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 13124-13129
Author(s):  
Xun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy

Lignin content in different cell wall layers was determined by micro-Raman spectroscopy.

Analysis of Protein Expression along the Normal to Tension Wood Gradient in Eucalyptus gunnii

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Plomion ◽  
C. Pionneau ◽  
H. Baillères
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Growth Strain ◽  
Silver Nitrate Staining ◽  
Xylem Tissue

Abstract This paper examines the contribution of various xylem proteins to wood formation in Eucalyptus gunnii. Proteins were extracted from differentiating xylem harvested from a crooked tree, separated by high-resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, visualised by silver nitrate staining and analysed with a computer-assisted system for single protein spot quantification. Growth strain measurements allowed xylem samples to be classified quantitatively from tension wood to normal wood. Regression of lignin content on growth strain showed that a decrease in lignin content corresponded to decreasing growth strain values, i.e., presence of tension wood. Out of the 140 studied protein spots, 12 were significantly associated with growth strain: 7 being less abundant in tension wood and 5 being more abundant in tension wood. A clustered-correlation analysis was performed to study protein expression simultaneously along the gradient of gravistimulated stressed xylem tissue. Proteins were found to form “expression clusters”.

Reaction Wood Anatomy in a Vessel-Less Angiosperm Sarcandra Glabra

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruna Aiso ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Yuya Takashima ◽  
Kazuya Iizuka ◽  
Shinso Yokota
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Angiosperm Species ◽  
Guaiacyl Lignin

Anatomy and lignin distribution in artificially inclined stems of Sarcandra glabra were investigated to clarify the characteristics of reaction wood (RW) in a vessel-less angiosperm species. Of the five coppiced stems studied from a single tree, two stems were fixed straight and classified as normal wood (NW) and the remaining three stems were inclined at 50 degrees from the vertical to induce the formation of the RW. Compared with NW, the lower side of the inclined samples had a relatively high compressive surface-released strain and an increase in the microfibril angle of the S2 layer of tracheids. However, no significant change was observed in the length or cell wall thickness of the tracheids. The results of Wiesner and Mäule colour reactions indicated that the amount of guaiacyl lignin in the cell walls of tracheids was increased in RW. It appears that RW in Sarcandra is formed on the lower side of inclined stems, and its anatomical characteristics and chemical composition are similar to those of the compression wood (CW) found in gymnosperm species (the so-called “CW-like RW” type).

ANATOMY AND LIGNIN DISTRIBUTION OF “COMPRESSION-WOOD-LIKE REACTION WOOD” IN GARDENIA JASMINOIDES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruna Aiso ◽  
Tokiko Hiraiwa ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Kazuya Iizuka ◽  
Shinso Yokota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Gardenia Jasminoides ◽  
S2 Layer ◽  
Secondary Fibre

Anatomical characteristics and lignin distribution of ‘compression-wood-like reaction wood’ in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis were investigated. Two coppiced stems of a tree were artificially inclined to form reaction wood (RW). One stem of the same tree was fixed straight as a control, and referred to as normal wood (NW). Excessive positive values of surface-released strain were measured on the underside of RW stems. Anatomical characteristics of xylem formed on the underside of RW and in NW stems were also observed. The xylem formed on the underside exhibited a lack of S3 layer in the secondary fibre walls, an increase of pit aperture angle in the S2 layer, and an increase in lignin content. Some of the anatomical characteristics observed in the underside xylem resembled compression wood in gymnosperms. These results suggest that the increase of microfibril angle in the secondary wall and an increase in lignin content in angiosperms might be common phenomena resembling compression wood of gymnosperms.

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