Physiological perspectives of reduced tillering and stunting in the tiller inhibition (tin) mutant of wheat

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesfamichael H. Kebrom ◽  
Richard A. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Developmental Arrest ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cereal Yields ◽  
Precocious Development

The number of tillers established in cereal crops far exceeds the number that end up being grain bearing at maturity. Improving the economy in tillering has been proposed to improve cereal yields in both favourable and unfavourable environments. The tiller inhibition mutant (tin) is potentially useful for breeding varieties with a greater economy of tillering. However, its tendency to stunting under long day and low temperatures has limited its use. Recently, the inhibition of tillering in tin has been linked to precocious development of solid basal internodes that compete for sucrose and possibly other resources with the growing tiller buds leading to their developmental arrest. Although the physiological basis of stunting in tin is unknown, both inhibition of tillering and stunting begin during the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase indicating a common physiological basis for both. In this review, we provide overall perspectives for the physiological basis of tiller inhibition and stunting in tin and suggest the direction of research in the future.

scholarly journals Does Climate Change Affect the Yield of the Top Three Cereals and Food Security in the World?

Earth ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-71
Author(s):  
Dhurba Neupane ◽  
Pramila Adhikari ◽  
Dwarika Bhattarai ◽  
Birendra Rana ◽  
Zeeshan Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
World Food Security

Climate prediction models suggest that agricultural productivity will be significantly affected in the future. The expected rise in average global temperature due to the higher release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere and increased depletion of water resources with enhanced climate variability will be a serious threat to world food security. Moreover, there is an increase in the frequency and severity of long-lasting drought events over 1/3rd of the global landmass and five times increase in water demand deficits during the 21st century. The top three cereals, wheat (Triticum aestivum), maize (Zea mays), and rice (Oryza sativa), are the major and staple food crops of most people across the world. To meet the food demand of the ever-increasing population, which is expected to increase by over 9 billion by 2050, there is a dire need to increase cereal production by approximately 70%. However, we have observed a dramatic decrease in area of fertile and arable land to grow these crops. This trend is likely to increase in the future. Therefore, this review article provides an extensive review on recent and future projected area and production, the growth requirements and greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential of the top three cereal crops, the effects of climate change on their yields, and the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and hormonal responses of plants to drought. We also discuss the potential strategies to tackle the effects of climate change and increase yields. These strategies include integrated conventional and modern molecular techniques and genomic approach, the implementation of agronomic best management (ABM) practices, and growing climate resilient cereal crops, such as millets. Millets are less resource-intensive crops and release a lower amount of greenhouse gases compared to other cereals. Therefore, millets can be the potential next-generation crops for research to explore the climate-resilient traits and use the information for the improvement of major cereals.

The Future of Cereal Yields and Prices: Implications for Research and Policy

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 661-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Rosegrant ◽  
Michael S. Paisner ◽  
Siet Meijer
Keyword(s):  
The Future ◽  
Cereal Yields ◽  
Research And Policy

The bulbing response to day length and temperature of some Australasian cultivars of onion (Allium cepa L.)

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
BT Steer
Keyword(s):  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Leaf Base ◽  
Base Diameter ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Allium Cepa L ◽  
Neck Diameter

Onions (Allium cepa L.) were grown in the Canberra phytotron from seed to bulb in three day lengths (11, 14 and 17 h) and five temperature regimes (day/night 18/10�, 22/14�, 26/18�, 30/22�, 34/26�), The cultivars Creamgold, Braeside Golden Globe, Gladalan Brown and Early Lockyer Brown were used. There was a significant interaction of cultivar, day length and temperature on bulbing. Bulbing was most rapid at the highest temperature and longest day length. Creamgold exhibited a temperature dependence in bulbing, so that at 18/10�C bulbing did not occur at any day length. The other cultivars bulbed at low temperatures. Lateral buds developed in Braeside Golden Globe, but not at low temperatures (18/10�) or in long day lengths (14 or 17 h) where normal bulbs were produced. In an attempt to simulate field conditions more closely, some plants were transferred to different day length and temperature treatments between sowing and harvest. During development, neither bulbing ratio (leaf base diameter/neck diameter) nor final bulb size was significantly different from those of plants grown from seed to maturity in one regime. Bulbing required the continual presence of bulb-inducing conditions: bulb development ceased on transfer to unfavourable conditions (short day lengths, low temperature).

scholarly journals The Pharus latifolius Genome Bridges the Gap of Early Grass Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng-Fei Ma ◽  
Yun-Long Liu ◽  
Gui-Hua Jin ◽  
Jing-Xia Liu ◽  
Hong Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Functional Diversification ◽  
Grass Family ◽  
Grass Evolution ◽  
Grass Genomes ◽  
Cereal Yields ◽  
Rates Of Molecular Evolution

Abstract The grass family (Poaceae) includes all commercial cereal crops and is a major contributor to biomass in various terrestrial ecosystems. The ancestry of all grass genomes includes a shared whole-genome duplication (WGD), named rho (ρ) WGD, but the evolutionary significance of ρ-WGD remains elusive. We sequenced the genome of Pharus latifolius, a grass species (producing a true spikelet) in the subfamily Pharoideae, a sister lineage to the core Poaceae including the PACMAD and BOP clades. Our results indicate that the P. latifolius genome has evolved slowly relative to cereal grass genomes, as reflected by moderate rates of molecular evolution, limited chromosome rearrangements and a low rate of gene loss for duplicated genes. We show that the ρ-WGD event occurred ∼98.2 million years ago (Ma) in a common ancestor of the Pharoideae and the PACMAD and BOP grasses. This was followed by contrasting patterns of diploidization in the Pharus and core Poaceae lineages. The presence of two FRIZZY PANICLE (FZP)-like genes in P. latifolius, and duplicated MADS-box genes, support the hypothesis that the ρ-WGD may have played a role in the origin and functional diversification of the spikelet, an adaptation in grasses related directly to cereal yields. The P. latifolius genome sheds light on the origin and early evolution of grasses underpinning the biology and breeding of cereals.

The transition to reproductive phase inchenopodium murale L. ecotype 197 - Early flowering long-day plant

1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 386-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
LibuŠe Pavlová ◽  
Dagmar SouČková ◽  
J. Ullmann ◽  
J. Krekule
Keyword(s):  
Early Flowering ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Reproductive Phase

OVERWINTERING OF SOME NORTH TEMPERATE AND ARCTIC CHIRONOMIDAE: II. CHIRONOMID BIOLOGY

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 1875-1910 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. V. Danks
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Winter Habitat ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Lower Water Content

AbstractSeveral aspects of overwintering were studied in the larvae of selected species of chironomids living in shallow ponds.In two species (Einfeldia synchrona Oliver and Polypedilum simulons (Townes)) from a pond near Ottawa, Ont. (45° N.), development ceased in mid-November and the gut was subsequently evacuated. A species of Chironomus from another pond did not evacuate the gut although feeding ceased. In the laboratory, larval development of Einfeldia collected at any time of year continued except at low temperatures, but pupation occurred only at long day-lengths. Seasonal changes in horizontal distribution were apparently not primarily related to possible winter effects, but to water depth changes. Larvae of E. synchrona penetrated deeper mud layers during winter (as well as in midsummer); those of P. simulans were always confined to superficial mud layers.The later instars, at least in Chironomini, usually predominated during the winter, but season to season variation was marked. In the arctic all instars except the first were present. Closed winter cocoons were found in several temperate and arctic species. Some were made by sealing an existing tube, others by building a more or less transparent tightly applied cocoon. Inside these cocoons, the larvae were tightly folded in different ways more or less characteristic of the species. At Ottawa, cocoons were usually formed well after ice cover, and partly in response to low temperatures. Larvae showed a lower water content in winter than in summer. In the arctic, larvae were also somewhat dehydrated in winter, but there was in addition a different type of dehydration which resulted in shrivelling.There was no significant ability to resist freezing by inoculation with ice. Freezing tolerance was found in some temperate and all arctic larvae and was temperature- and time-dependent. In temperate areas, freezing-tolerant larvae were nevertheless freezing-susceptible in summer.These studies and previous findings are discussed in relation to winter habitat conditions and the remainder of the life-cycle. Generalizations are compromised by complex inter- and intra-species differences and by habitat variations. Freezing tolerance is widely distributed through the genera of most subfamilies except the Tanypodinae, and is probably most general in the Orthocladiinae. Since there are few specializations of larval physiology which explain such tolerance, the Chironomidae can probably be considered as largely pre-adapted to a rigorous winter environment.

OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN OVERWINTERING PEAR PSYLLA, CACOPSYLLA PYRICOLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE): SEASONALITY AND EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 859-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Horton ◽  
Debra A. Broers ◽  
Tonya Hinojosa ◽  
Tamera M. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Insect Growth Regulator ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Pear Psylla ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Laboratory Time

AbstractEffects of photoperiod, time of year, temperature, and an insect growth regulator (fenoxycarb) on ovarian development rate in overwintering pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster), were determined. Winterform pear psylla were collected from the field at intervals between October and February, and reared at 20 °C and one of three treatments: short-day photoperiod, long-day photoperiod, or short-day photoperiod + fenoxycarb. Insects were then dissected at intervals to score ovarian development. Baseline scores (i.e., ovarian development in the field on date of collection) increased very slowly between October and February. By mid-February, only about 20% of insects in the field were categorized as having postdiapause status based upon ovarian development. In the laboratory, time required for insects to reach postdiapause status decreased between the October and February collection dates. Number of days necessary for 50% of the long-day insects to reach postdiapause status was approximately 2 weeks in October, 6 days in December, and < 2 days in February. Short-day insects also required fewer than 2 days in February, but required > 2 weeks in the October and December samples. Our results suggested that insects collected in January and February had completed diapause but that ovarian development was subsequently prevented in the field by low temperatures. Fenoxycarb caused rapid ovarian development even in October-collected insects; rate of development was only slightly more rapid in the February-treated psylla.

Phenology of Chickpeas (Cicer Arietinum) in Contrasting Aerial Environments

1980 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Roberts ◽  
R. J. Summerfield ◽  
F. R. Minchin ◽  
P. Hadley
Keyword(s):  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Reproductive Maturity ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
To Come

SUMMARYEffectively nodulated plants of 3 cultivars of chickpea, classified as early, mid-late and late-maturing, were grown to reproductive maturity in 12 factorial combinations of simulated tropical environments in growth cabinets. Cultivars varied in sensitivity but all responded as quantitative long-day plants and flowered earlier in longer photoperiods. Differences in temperature had important consequences, especially on the duration of the reproductive phase and overall crop longevity; they also induced plants to flower at the same time in different photo-periods. Early flowering plants did not necessarily mature early; others taking twice as long to come into flower had short reproductive periods and came to maturity at the same time. Relations between phenology, morphology and seed yield are described and compared with similar data for field-grown plants. Screening for ‘adaptation to environment’ in chickpeas is discussed.

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