scholarly journals The puzzle of plague transmission

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Patricia Morison ◽  
Ian Morison
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Human History ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Bubonic Plague ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Death Toll ◽  
Microbiological Research ◽  
The Way

Bubonic plague is among the most feared diseases in human history, not only because of its death toll but also for its consequential impact on the way of life and economic endeavour of human society. Every few hundred years the advance of a pandemic has raised impotent fear, until the early 20th century when microbiological research solved the mystery of how it is transmitted to its victims, opening the way to protective measures.

scholarly journals L.N. Tolstoy: The Enlightener who Overcame the Enlightenment

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-126
Author(s):  
S. M. Klimova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Creative Thought ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Natural Man ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Philosophical Doctrine ◽  
The Way

The article considers L.N. Tolstoy not only as a thinker who represents but also accomplishes Enlightenment. Through a comparison of his ideas with philosophy of Spinoza and Diderot, the author clarifies the aspects of the transition from Enlightenment to the unique Tolstoy’s religious and philosophical doctrine. A special attention is paid to the way of thinking, the relation to science and the specifics of the worldview of Tolstoy and Diderot. The contradiction between the way of thinking and the way of life of the three philosophers is revealed. The author also researches their philosophical interpretations of the nature of creative thought. Diderot describes the nature through the concept of paradoxism, Spinoza describes it with the concept of integrity, and Tolstoy uses the method of cohesion that he founds in literary works. If for the philosophers of European Enlightenment, the way of thinking is directly related to human nature, which is presented as a unity of natura naturans and natura naturata, then Tolstoy considers that the most important is a certain a priori sense of life, which is imbued with faith in God and with an instinct of self-giving that is love for the Supreme and other people. The method of cohesion leads Tolstoy away from the direct continuation of educational ideas, stressing the significance of appealing not only to reason but also to creative intuition. Tolstoy gradually moves away from rational perception of Life to its religious and existential foundations. Tolstoy’s worldview undergoes transition from the idea of a natural man to the idea of a human being who lives by commandments of Christ. Starting from the worldview of Enlightenment, Tolstoy comes to the creation of religious and philosophical doctrine, which is relevant to early 20th century.

Csiky Lajos hosszabb terjedelmű műveinek korabeli fogadtatása

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-250
Author(s):  
István-Attila Tárkányi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Theology ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Academic Activity ◽  
Orthodox Theology ◽  
The Way

"The Contemporary Reception of Lajos Csiky’s Voluminous Works. Lajos Csiky (1852–1925) was a late 19th and early 20th-century professor of practical theology at the Theological Academy of Debrecen. His works have not yet been researched accordingly. In the first part of this short paper, we would like to present the socio-theological context in which the renowned theologian spent his creative years, focusing especially on the debate of the day between liberal and orthodox theology. In the second part, we would like to reflect on the way his major theological works were received by his contemporaries during a span of more than four decades of academic activity. Keywords: Lajos Csiky, 19th-century theological debates in Hungary, practical theology, Ferenc Balogh, Imre Révész, Mór Ballagi "

Kainar: A Late 18th to Early 20th Century Ritual and Housing Complex in the Northern Ustyurt

2022 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
S. E. Azhigali ◽  
L. R. Turganbayeva
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Nomadic Pastoralists ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Stone Carving ◽  
Housing Complex

This is the fi rst description of a key Kazakh recent permanent settlement at Donyztau, in the northern Ustyurt. Such sites, evidencing major historical processes during the transition of nomadic pastoralists to a semi-sedentary lifestyle (mid-19th to early 20th century), are known as “ritual and housing complexes” (RHC). Kainar, a highly representative site, is viewed as a socio-cultural phenomenon and an integral architectural and landscape ensemble. The excavation history of RHCs in the Donyztau area and their evolution are discussed, and the role of ascetics such as Doszhan-Ishan Kashakuly is described. We highlight separate parts of the complex (the settlement and cemetery) and their elements. The architecture of the RHC is reconstructed with regard to structure, function, and continuity with the landscape. The layout of the site as a whole and of the madrasah with its typical elements are compared with those of similar sites in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. A reconstruction of the complex is proposed and the function of public halls is interpreted. The role of the cemetery and of its parts in the structure of the RHC is evaluated; the evolution of its spatial organization is traced. Types of memorial complexes are listed in terms of harmony with the landscape, archaic beliefs, architecture, and style, specifi cally stone carving. The historical and cultural signifi cance of Kainar as a source of knowledge about the transition to a semi-sedentary way of life and the Islamization of the steppe is discussed.

scholarly journals Multidecadally resolved polarity oscillations during a geomagnetic excursion

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (36) ◽  
pp. 8913-8918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Min Chou ◽  
Xiuyang Jiang ◽  
Qingsong Liu ◽  
Hsun-Ming Hu ◽  
Chung-Che Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Before Present ◽  
Earth History ◽  
Geomagnetic Excursion ◽  
Deep Interior ◽  
Polarity Reversals ◽  
Chinese Stalagmite

Polarity reversals of the geomagnetic field have occurred through billions of years of Earth history and were first revealed in the early 20th century. Almost a century later, details of transitional field behavior during geomagnetic reversals and excursions remain poorly known. Here, we present a multidecadally resolved geomagnetic excursion record from a radioisotopically dated Chinese stalagmite at 107–91 thousand years before present with age precision of several decades. The duration of geomagnetic directional oscillations ranged from several centuries at 106–103 thousand years before present to millennia at 98–92 thousand years before present, with one abrupt reversal transition occurring in one to two centuries when the field was weakest. These features indicate prolonged geodynamo instability. Repeated asymmetrical interhemispheric polarity drifts associated with weak dipole fields likely originated in Earth’s deep interior. If such rapid polarity changes occurred in future, they could severely affect satellites and human society.

scholarly journals Causing a Ruckus: Complicity and Performance in Stories of Port Moody

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Matthew Hayes
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Public History ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Long Time ◽  
And Performance ◽  
History Book ◽  
The Way

This article is about the suicide of the chief of police of a small Canadian town, which - according to some - did not actually happen. While employed as a researcher and writer with a museum in Port Moody, British Columbia, the author heard this story as one of many told by the ‘old-timers’ who assisted with the writing of a history book. The controversy over the potential suicide provided the means by which this article reflects on issues of ethics, advocacy, and performance when doing public history. The main request of the old-timers was to ‘put the good stories in’ when writing the book. This expectation caused tension between the author and the museum, reflecting the divide between doing ‘history’ and ‘heritage’. This article draws on Anthropological theories of ‘complicity’ and performance in storytelling to make sense of the author’s role within the context of a museum working to record the stories of long-time residents. The stories of the old-timers were filtered through the lens of early 20th century ideas about gender, race, and class, and affected by a lingering frontier mentality. As such, they wished to see their town’s history told in a very specific way. The story of the police chief’s suicide betrayed this intent, allowing for an analysis of how these expectations can affect the way in which public history is done.

scholarly journals The tradition of the procuress in Memories of my sad whores

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 187-201
Author(s):  
Hernando Motato Camelo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Way

The purpose of this essay is to trace the way in which the character of Spanish brothel life is treated during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. This character defines his love affairs, seduces and attracts the young women to have love encounters with their suitors through deceits and love potions. García Márquez adopts these literary traditions in the early 20th century in Barranquilla and enriches them with characters such as the procuress and maid Delgadina.

scholarly journals Language and Ritual in T. S. Eliot's Sweeney Agonistes

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bálint Szele
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
20Th Century Literature ◽  
Modern Drama ◽  
Greek Drama ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Century Literature ◽  
The Way

T. S. Eliot's Sweeney Agonistes is one of the most important pieces in modern drama. The purpose of this study of Sweeney Agonistes is to explore the fertilising forces that made it possible for the play to bring new colours to the language of the theatre; another aim is to look at the background of the fragments, exploring the different elements of ritual, religion, and literary sources working in the play. Although the play is fragmentary, it can be regarded as a key to Eliot's dramatic art. The way Eliot used the language of Jazz is unique in early 20th century literature; the lack of characters, plot and settings naturally draw our attention to language, which is characterised by an unprecedented vitality and dynamism. Eliot clearly succeeded in establishing a new vehicle for dramatic expression. The rituals providing the background in Sweeney are closely connected with Greek drama and the religious turn in Eliot's life leading to the birth of the Ariel Poems, one of which, "The Journey of the Magi," opens up to further analysis if we approach it from the direction of Sweeney Agonistes.

scholarly journals 1918-1933, Raul Lino: ‘De re aedificatoria’ on ‘A Nossa Casa’, a specific and 'modern' treatise

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Garrido de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Le Corbusier ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Architectural Theory ◽  
Structural Comparison ◽  
De Re ◽  
De Re Aedificatoria ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Way

Might it be possible to discern in Raul Lino's writings _namely those published in 1918 and 1933_ the profile of a modern treatise on architecture, in the early 20th century?Drawing parallels on Alberti's "inaugural" essay (Choay, [1980], p.25), an assay precept is outlined (‘pro tem’ less conceptual than it is pragmatic), with which to approach both Lino books, anent the design of the modern dwelling. From Choay's five teatrise-making hallmarks, a structural comparison is enacted between Vitruvius' and Alberti's treatises and those books of Raul Lino; from Krüger (2011), further benchmarks of form and schematics are highlighted, as are othersrelated to subject, objective and framework.Probing both publications under the "cost-effective, modern dwelling" design premise (Lino, 1933, p.51), the 1918 book flaunts, perhaps, a richer vitruvian undertone, and more akin to a "book […] on architecturalcomposition" (Vogliazzo, 1988-90)[1], featuring tips on construction, just as it were a practical handbook; the 1933 release, however, borders on albertine ‘inauguration’, and contends an artistic-architectural theory, encompassing of a system of ‘virtues’; the latter is almost a "commentator" (Choay, [1980]), paving the way to "protest" (Lino, 1933, p.96) in a time of criticism, and manifestos.[1] Vogliazzo holds that, "aside from Le Corbusier, the last books to truly focus on architectural composition" were written by Hermann Muthesius and Raul Lino (Vogliazzo, 1988-90, p.29); the correlation between Muthesius' and Lino's writings triggered an already ongoing comparison, akin to the present proposal;_Será possível reconhecer nos textos de Raul Lino, nomeadamente nos livros publicados em 1918 e 1933, características de um tratado de arquitectura moderno, a inícios do século XX?Estabelecendo paralelos com o texto “inaugural” de Alberti (Choay, [1980], p.25), elaboramos um princípio de análise, de momento mais funcional que de conceitos, destes dois livros de Raul Lino sobre a problemática do projecto da casa moderna. Partindo dos cinco verificadores de propriedade tratadística de Choay, estabelecemos uma comparação estrutural entre os tratados de Vitrúvio e de Alberti e estes textos de Raul Lino; a partir de Krüger (2011), sublinhamos outros aferidores de forma e sistemática, mas também de objecto, objectivo e enquadramento.Lavrando ambos no âmbito da teoria do projecto “da moderna casa económica” (Lino, 1933, p.51), será possível considerar que o livro de 1918 é mais vitruviano, próximo de um “livro […] de composição arquitectónica” (Vogliazzo, 1988-90)[1] com recomendações construtivas em jeito de manual prático; o livro de 1933 aproxima-se da ‘inauguração’ albertiana, propondo uma teoria artística-arquitectónica em torno de um sistema de ‘virtudes’; mas este último é também mais “comentador” (Choay,[1980]), abrindo passo ao “protesto”(Lino, 1933, p.96) em tempos de crítica e manifestos.[1] Vogliazzo considera que, “para além de Le Corbusier, os últimos verdadeiros livros de composição arquitectónica ”foram escritos por Hermann Muthesius e Raul Lino (Vogliazzo, 1988-90, p.29); a relação entre textos de Muthesius e Lino é mote para um paralelo, em desenvolvimento, análogo à presente proposta;

Uncommunicative Communication: Competing Egyptian, Ottoman and British Imperial Ventures in 19th-Century Egypt

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 399-422
Author(s):  
Maurus Reinkowski
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
British Occupation ◽  
The Way

The contribution “Uncommunicative Communication: Competing Egyptian, Ottoman and British Notions of Imperial Order in 19th-Century Egypt” by Maurus Reinkowski (University of Basel) sees Egypt in the late 19th and early 20th century as a particularly illustrative case of competing imperial ventures, in particular of the Egyptian, Ottoman and British states. Whereas the Egyptian imperial venture, prominent under Muḥammad ʿAlī in the 1820s and 1830s and revived under Ismāʿīl (r. 1863–1879) in the early 1870s, quickly degenerates into bankruptcy and finally British occupation from 1882 onwards, the Ottoman-British imperial competition continues until 1914. A particularly colorful example of how the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain – in the way of uncommunicative communication – strived to maintain respectively to enforce their notion of an appropriate imperial order is to compare of Aḥmed Muḫtār Paşa and Lord Cromer. Aḥmed Muḫtār, a high-ranking Ottoman officer, was sent in 1885 as Extraordinary Commissioner to Cairo, where he stayed until 1908. Muḫtār’s semi-exile in Cairo was characterized by factual powerlessness as he was completely overshadowed by Sir Evelyn Baring, the British consul general who was the factual ruler of Egypt between 1882 and 1907. Starting from the assumption that Aḥmed Muḫtār’s status in Egypt does not only reflect his personal isolation, but also the precarious imperial status of the Ottoman Empire, this paper examines Aḥmed Muḫtār’s presence and politics in Cairo as a case of both personal self-reassurance and imperial self-representation.


scholarly journals Between Secularists and Catholics. The debate on Maria Montessori in the early 20th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
Cosimo Costa
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Maria Montessori ◽  
Educational Condition ◽  
The Way

The contribution, after a brief parenthesis which describes the Unione Magistrale Nazionale and the Associazione Magistrale Italiana “Nicolò Tommaseo” as expressions of the difficult socio-educational condition experienced by Giolitti’s Italy, through different opinions taken from the files of two representative pedagogical magazines of the time, Rivista Pedagogica and Scuola Italiana Moderna, analyzes the way in which, in the first twenty years 1900s, secular and catholic circles discussed Maria Montessori’s thought and system.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document