Distribution of Banda Intermediate water in the Indian Ocean

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Rochford
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Westward Movement ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Oxygen Minimum

Banda Intermediate water has been identified as a salinity minimum (salinity 34.58-34.70‰) on the 27.40 σt surface, separated from Antarctic Intermediate to the south by an oxygen minimum of Red Sea origin. Banda water of these characteristics has been found as far west as Madagascar within a 0-20�S. zone of the Indian Ocean. Along110�E. Banda water was in maximum concentration at about 10� s. in August- December 1962. At this latitude and time of the year relatively strong (7-11 cm per sec) geostrophic currents to the west were found. Between January and July 1964 little or no net westward movement along 110� E, occurred. A strong (22 cm per sec) easterly flow of Red Sea water south of the Chagos Is, seems to retard the westward movement of Banda water and to divert its flow to the south.

XL. Some observations upon Myrrh, made in Abyssinia, in the year 1771, and sent to William Hunter, M.D. with specimens, in February, 1775

1775 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 408-417
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Made In ◽  
North Latitude ◽  
William Hunter

The ancients, and particularly DIOSCORIDES, have spoken of myrrh in such a manner, as to leave us no alternative, but to suppose either that they have described a drug which they had never seen; or, that the drug seen and described by them is absolutely unknown to modern naturalists and physicians. The Arabs, however, who form the link of the chain between the Greek physicians and ours, in whose country the myrrh was produced, and whose language gave it its name, have left us undeniable evidence, that what we know by the name of myrrh, is in nothing different from the myrrh of the ancients, growing in the same countries from which it was brought formerly to Greece; that is, from the East coast of Arabia Felix, bordering on the Indian Ocean, and that low land in Abyssinia on the South-east of the Red-sea, included nearly between the 12th and 13th degree of North latitude, and limited on the West by a meridian passing through the island Massowa; and on the East by another, passing through Cap Guardfoy, without the straits of Bab el Mandel.

Art. VII.—Notes on Persian Belúchistán. From the Persian of Mirza Mehdy Khán. Published Teheran, July, 1875

1876 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
A. H. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Cool Climate

The part of Belúchistán now under Persian rule is bounded upon the north by Seistán, upon the east by Panjgúr and Kej, upon the south by the Indian Ocean, and upon the west by Núrámshír, Rúdbár, and the Báshákerd mountains.This country enjoys a variety of climates; almost unbearable heat exists on the Mekrán coast, we find a temperate climate on the hill slopes and on the slightly raised plains as at Duzek and Bampúr, and a cool climate in the mountainous districts Serhad and Bazmán. The heat at Jálq is said to be so intense in summer that the gazelles lie down exhausted in the plains, and let themselves be taken by the people without any trouble.

Passage Through the Strait of Bab Al-Mandeb

1978 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-193
Author(s):  
Ruth Lapidoth
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Gulf Of Aden ◽  
Eastern Shore ◽  
The West ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Yemen Arab Republic

The strait of Bab al-Mandeb, “the gate of tears” or “the gate of the wailing yard”, joins the high seas of the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean to those of the Red Sea. The name is primarily used by geographers to designate the narrowest part of the passage, between Ras Bab al-Mandeb on the Asian shore and Ras Siyan in Africa. At this point it is bordered on the east by the Yemen Arab Republic (Northern Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (Southern Yemen), and in the west by the Republic of Djibouti (formerly the French Territory of the Afars and Issas). About 14 miles farther north, where the Red Sea (or, for that matter, the strait) is nearly 20 miles wide, lies the coast of Ethiopia (the province of Eritrea). All the riparians claim a territorial sea of 12 miles, and the Yemen Arab Republic, as well as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, also claim jurisdiction for certain purposes in an additional zone of 6 miles.On the eastern shore of the strait of Bab al-Mandeb lies the peninsula of Ras Bab al-Mandeb, which is about 6–10 km. wide. It consists of rocky, volcanic plains with several hills of 200–300 m. The coast of Ras Bab al-Mandeb is surrounded by coral reefs of a width of up to 1500 m. The border between North Yemen and South Yemen passes down the middle of Ras Bab al-Mandeb.

scholarly journals Deoxygenation in Marginal Seas of the Indian Ocean

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wajih A. Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Andaman Sea ◽  
Marginal Seas ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Oxygen Minimum

This article describes oxygen distributions and recent deoxygenation trends in three marginal seas – Persian Gulf and Red Sea in the Northwestern Indian Ocean (NWIO) and Andaman Sea in the Northeastern Indian Ocean (NEIO). Vertically mixed water column in the shallow Persian Gulf is generally well-oxygenated, especially in winter. Biogeochemistry and ecosystems of Persian Gulf are being subjected to enormous anthropogenic stresses including large loading of nutrients and organic matter, enhancing oxygen demand and causing hypoxia (oxygen < 1.4 ml l–1) in central and southern Gulf in summer. The larger and deeper Red Sea is relatively less affected by human activities. Despite its deep water having remarkably uniform thermohaline characteristics, the central and southern Red Sea has a well-developed perennial oxygen minimum at mid-depths. The available data point to ongoing deoxygenation in the northern Red Sea. Model simulations show that an amplified warming in the marginal seas of the NWIO may cause an intensification of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Increases in particulate organic carbon and decreases in oxygen contents of the outflows may also have a similar effect. In the Andaman Sea, waters above the sill depth (∼1.4 km) have characteristics similar to those in the Bay of Bengal, including an intense OMZ. As in the case of the Bay of Bengal, oxygen concentrations within the Andaman Sea OMZ appear to have declined slightly but significantly between early 1960s and 1995. The exceedingly isothermal and isohaline water that fills the deep Andaman Basin is also remarkably homogenous in terms of its oxygen content. A very slight but statistically significant decrease in oxygen content of this water also seems to have occurred over three decades preceding 1995. New information is badly needed to assess the extent of further change that may have occurred over the past 25 years. There have been some reports of coastal “dead zones” having developed in the Indian Ocean marginal seas, but they are probably under-reported and the effects of hypoxia on the rich and diverse tropical ecosystems – coral reefs, seagrasses, and mangroves – in these seas remain to be investigated.

Arabic as a Language of the South Asian Chancery: Bahmani Communications to the Mamluk Sultanate

Arabica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-435
Author(s):  
Meia Walravens
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
The South ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Abstract A growing body of literature on trade and cultural exchange between the Indian Ocean regions has already contributed significantly to our understanding of these processes and the role of language and writing within them. Yet, the question remains how Arabic correspondence played a part in communications between South Asian powers and the rulers in the Red Sea region. In order to begin filling this lacuna, this article studies epistolary writings from the Bahmani Sultanate (748/1347-934/1528) to the Mamluk Sultanate (648/1250-922/1517) during the second half of the ninth/fifteenth century. The contextualisation and discussion of three letters render insight both into the (up to now unstudied) issues at play in Bahmani-Mamluk relations and into the nature of these Arabic texts.

Role of friction and orography in the Asian-African monsoonal system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Dalu ◽  
Marco Gaetani ◽  
Cyrille Flamant ◽  
Marina Baldi
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
West African Monsoon ◽  
Tropical Indian Ocean ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Ekman Pumping ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Impermeable Barrier ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Marine Air

<p>The West African monsoon (WAM) originates in the Gulf of Guinea when the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) makes its landfall; whilst, the south Asian monsoon (SAM) originates in the Indian ocean when the ITCZ crosses the equator. The monsoonal dynamics are here studied after landfall using Gill’s tropospheric model with an implanted Ekman frictional layer (EFL). Ekman pumping increases low level convergence, making the lower monsoonal cyclone deeper and more compact that the upper anticyclone, by transferring tropospheric vorticity into the EFL. In the upper troposphere, air particles spiral-out anticyclonically away from the monsoons, subsiding over the Tropical Atlantic, the Tropical Indian ocean, or transiting into the southern hemisphere across the equator. Whilst marine air particles spiral-in cyclonically towards the WAM or the SAM, the latter appears to be a preferred ending destination in the absence of orography. The Himalayas introduced as a barrier to the monsoonal winds, strengthen the tropospheric winds by tightening the isobars. The Somali mountains (SMs), introduced as a barrier to the Ekman winds, separates the WAM and the SAM catch basins; thus, the Atlantic air particles converge towards the WAM and the Indian ocean particles converge towards the SAM. The Indian Ghats (IGs), introduced as a semi-impermeable barrier to the Ekman winds, deflect the marine air particles originated in the western Indian ocean towards the south-eastern flank of the SAM. In short, an upper single anticyclone encircles both monsoons; the Himalayas strengthen the upper-level winds by increasing the pressure gradients; the SMs split the EFL cyclone, keeping the marine air particles to the west of SMs in the WAM basin and the particles to the east of SMs in the SAM basin; the IGs guides transmit the air particles, deflecting them towards Bangladesh.</p>

scholarly journals Art. XXVII.—Notes on Malayalam Literature

1900 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-768
Author(s):  
T. K. Krishṇa Menon
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Malayalam is the language of the south-west of the Madras Presidency. It is the third most important language of the Presidency, the first and the second being Tamil and Telugu respectively. It is spoken in Malabar, Cochin, and Travancore. Out of a total of 5,932,207 inhabitants of these parts, 5,409,350 persons are those who speak Malayalam. These countries, taken as a whole, are bounded on the north, by South Canara, on the east by the far-famed Malaya range of mountains, on the south by the Indian Ocean, and on the west by the Arabian Sea.

scholarly journals Art. XV.—Note on the Saltness of the Red Sea

1837 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 214-216
Author(s):  
J. G. Malcolmson
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Society Journal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asiatic Society ◽  
The Indian Ocean

In the Asiatic Society Journal for September 1835, Mr. Prinsep, the distinguished Editor of that invaluable publication, has given the result of the examination of two bottles of sea-water; one from the Indian Ocean, the other from the Red Sea. The officers of the Hugh Lindsay steamer having reported that, in consequence of the greater saltness of the Red Sea than of the Ocean, it was necessary “to blow-off much more frequently while in that part of the voyage,” Lieut. Burnes had, therefore, brought to India a bottle of the water of the Ocean, and of the Red Sea, which were found to have (at the temperature of 86°), a specific gravity of 1·0254 and 1·0258 respectively; too small a difference to cause any sensible effect in blowing-off. But as lime might exist in greater quantity in the inland sea, the analysis was principally directed to ascertain the proportions of sulphuric acid and lime, the precipitation of which is the cause of the necessity of blowing-off.

Surface Currents of the Ocean and their effects on Navigation

1954 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-361
Author(s):  
C. E. N. Frankcom ◽  
E. W. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Gulf Stream ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Ocean Currents ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The Indian Ocean

One of the earliest publications about ocean currents was Dampier's Discourse of Winds, Breezes, Storm Tides and Currents published in about 1700. Dampier wrote his book in 1688 and he says:By currents I mean a motion of the sea which is different from the tides in several respects—both as to its duration and also as to its course; currents run a day, a week, nay sometimes more one way, then it may be, run another way. In some places they run six months one way and six months another. In some places they run constantly one way and never shift at all.After some remarkably detailed discussion of currents in the West Indies and off the coast of Africa and in the south seas he says, of the Indian Ocean currents, ‘north of the line the current stays with the monsoon but does not shift altogether so soon, sometimes not for three weeks or more and then never shifts again till the monsoon is settled in the contrary way’. Of the Gulf Stream he says, ‘near the shores on each side of this Gulf there are tides, especially on the Florida shore, and ships may pass which way they please, if they are acquainted’. In conclusion he says, ‘I humbly offer this not as a complete and perfect account but as a rude and imperfect beginning or specimen of what may be done by abler hands hereafter’.

Water Mass Transformation and Subduction in the South Atlantic

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1841-1860 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Donners ◽  
S. S. Drijfhout ◽  
W. Hazeleger
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Tropical Atlantic ◽  
The South ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Abstract The transformation of water masses induced by air–sea fluxes in the South Atlantic Ocean is calculated with a global ocean model, Ocean Circulation and Climate Advanced Modeling (OCCAM), and has been compared with several observational datasets. Air–sea interaction supplies buoyancy to the ocean at almost all density levels. The uncertainty of the estimates of water mass transformations is at least 10 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), largely caused by the uncertainties in heat fluxes. Further analysis of the buoyancy budget of the mixed layer in the OCCAM model shows that diffusion extracts buoyancy from the water column at all densities. In agreement with observations, water mass formation of surface water by air–sea interaction is completely balanced by consumption from diffusion. There is a large interocean exchange with the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Intermediate water is imported from the Pacific, and light surface water is imported from the Indian Ocean. South Atlantic Central Water and denser water masses are exported to the Indian Ocean. The air–sea formation rate is only a qualitative estimate of the sum of subduction and interocean exchange. Subduction generates teleconnections between the South Atlantic and remote areas where these water masses reemerge in the mixed layer. Therefore, the subduction is analyzed with a Lagrangian trajectory analysis. Surface water obducts in the South Atlantic, while all other water masses experience net subduction. The subducted Antarctic Intermediate Water and Subantarctic Mode Water reemerge mainly in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current farther downstream. Lighter waters reemerge in the eastern tropical Atlantic. As a result, the extratropical South Atlantic has a strong link with the tropical Atlantic basin and only a weak direct link with the extratropical North Atlantic. The impact of the South Atlantic on the upper branch of the thermohaline circulation is indirect: water is significantly transformed by air–sea fluxes and mixing in the South Atlantic, but most of it reemerges and subducts again farther downstream.

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