The irritable male syndrome

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Melatonin Receptors ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Gonadotrophin Secretion ◽  
Arcuate Nuclei ◽  
Seasonally Breeding ◽  
Short Days

The irritable male syndrome (IMS) is a behavioural state of nervousness, irritability, lethargy and depression that occurs in adult male mammals following withdrawal of testosterone (T). The negative mood state has been described in men following withdrawal of androgens and is a striking feature in male seasonally breeding mammals associated with the end of the mating season. The Soay ram provides an animal model for IMS. Rams exposed to alternating 16-week periods of long and short days inactivate the reproductive axis in response to the switch to long days; the rapid decrease in T secretion provokes the symptoms of IMS. The animals appear agitated and fearful, and the incidence of physical wounding owing to fractious inter-male fighting peaks at this time. Androgen and oestrogen receptors expressed in cells in the preoptic area and ventromedial/arcuate nuclei appear to relay the effects of T on behaviour and gonadotrophin secretion, and melatonin receptors expressed in the premammillary area relay the effects of melatonin/photoperiod. Changes in the activity of hypothalamic opioidergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic neural networks may dictate the interactive effects of T and photoperiod. The working hypothesis is that IMS is a transition state associated with low hypothalamic amine levels triggered, in part, by the withdrawal of opioid peptides.

Effects of Mood State and Favorability of Feedback on Reactions to Performance Feedback

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 923-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie B. Hammer ◽  
Eugene F. Stone-Romero
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Mood Induction ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Experimental Simulation ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Induced Mood ◽  
Experimentally Induced

An experimental simulation involving 55 women assessed the main and interactive effects of experimentally induced mood state (positive vs negative) and favorability of performance feedback (positive vs negative) on the perceived accuracy of feedback. The study was conducted in two sessions. During Session I the subjects role-played the position of an advertising agent and worked on an advertising task. In Session II they were administered either a positive or negative mood induction, given positive or negative feedback on the advertising task, and completed a measure of the perceived accuracy of feedback. Regression analyses indicated support for hypothesized main and interactive effects, suggesting that mood state and favorability of feedback interactively affect the perceived accuracy of received feedback.

Reproductive effects of placing micro-implants of melatonin in the mediobasal hypothalamus and preoptic area in rams

1992 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lincoln ◽  
K.-I. Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Mediobasal Hypothalamus ◽  
Reproductive Effects ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Micro Implants ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Short Days

ABSTRACT The reproductive effects of placing micro-implants of melatonin in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and preoptic area (POA) were monitored in Soay rams. Groups of animals were initially conditioned to alternating 16 weekly periods of long days (16 h light:8 h darkness; 16L:8D) and short days (8L:16D) for at least 9 months to entrain the seasonal reproductive cycle. All experiments were then initiated at 10 weeks under long days when the animals were sexually inactive. In experiment 1, rams were exposed to short days for 14 weeks or maintained on long days to illustrate the photoperiodically induced re-activation and regression of the reproductive axis. In experiments 2–4, rams received micro-implants of melatonin in the MBH or POA, or received control treatments (sham-operated or no surgery) for 12–14 weeks while maintained on long days (total of 12 animals/treatment). The melatonin implants consisted of 22-gauge stainless-steel cannulae with melatonin fused inside the tip and were placed bilaterally in the brain. Incubation of the implants in Tricine-buffered saline (pH 8·0) at 37 °C showed that the release rate of melatonin was relatively constant after an initial peak in week 1 (means ± s.e.m.: 3·42 ± 0·43 μg/24 h). Rams with melatonin implants placed in the MBH, but not in the POA, showed a consistently earlier re-activation of the reproductive axis compared with the control animals in all three experiments (12/12 for MBH vs 2/12 for POA). The mean time to maximum testicular diameter was 12·2 ± 0·9, 21·6 ± 1·8 and 22·3 ± 1·2 weeks for the MBH, POA and combined control groups respectively (MBH vs control, P < 0·01; analysis of variance). The premature growth of the testes in the MBH group was associated with an earlier increase in the blood plasma concentrations of FSH and testosterone, and the appearance of the sexual skin coloration. Removal of the implants resulted in a decline in all reproductive parameters. The melatonin treatments did not cause a detectable increase in the peripheral concentrations of melatonin, or affect the diurnal rhythm in melatonin which reflected the long-day photoperiod. When implants containing 125I-labelled melatonin were introduced into the brain the associated radioactivity was localized to within 1 mm of the implants. The overall results demonstrate that the constant administration of melatonin into the MBH blocks the effect of the endogenous long-day melatonin signal and induces gonadal redevelopment. This provides the first evidence that melatonin acts within or close to the MBH to relay effects of photoperiod and influence the timing of the reproductive cycle in the ram. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 132, 201–215

scholarly journals Stimulatory Effect of RFRP-3 on the Gonadotrophic Axis in the Male Syrian Hamster: The Exception Proves the Rule

Endocrinology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 1352-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Ancel ◽  
Agnete H. Bentsen ◽  
Marie-Emilie Sébert ◽  
Manuel Tena-Sempere ◽  
Jens D. Mikkelsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Syrian Hamster ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Melatonin Receptors ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Gonadotropin Secretion ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Short Days

In seasonal mammals, a distinct photoneuroendocrine circuit that involves the pineal hormone melatonin tightly synchronizes reproduction with seasons. In the Syrian hamster, a seasonal model in which sexual activity is inhibited by short days, we have previously shown that the potent GnRH stimulator, kisspeptin, is crucial to convey melatonin's message; however, the precise mechanisms through which melatonin affects kisspeptin remain unclear. Interestingly, rfrp gene expression in the neurons of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, a brain region in which melatonin receptors are present in the Syrian hamster, is strongly down-regulated by melatonin in short days. Because a large body of evidence now indicates that RFamide-related peptide (RFRP)-3, the product of the rfrp gene, is an inhibitor of gonadotropin secretion in various mammalian species, we sought to investigate its effect on the gonadotrophic axis in the Syrian hamster. We show that acute central injection of RFRP-3 induces c-Fos expression in GnRH neurons and increases LH, FSH, and testosterone secretion. Moreover, chronic central administration of RFRP-3 restores testicular activity and Kiss1 levels in the arcuate nucleus of hamsters despite persisting photoinhibitory conditions. By contrast RFRP-3 does not have a hypophysiotrophic effect. Overall, these findings demonstrate that, in the male Syrian hamster, RFRP-3 exerts a stimulatory effect on the reproductive axis, most likely via hypothalamic targets. This places RFRP-3 in a decisive position between the melatonergic message and Kiss1 seasonal regulation. Additionally, our data suggest for the first time that the function of this peptide depends on the species and the physiological status of the animal model.

Impact on parents of feeding young children with congenital or acquired cardiac disease

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 574-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Imms
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Disease ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Oral Feeding ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Negative Mood State ◽  
Congenital Cardiac Disease ◽  
Culturally Based ◽  
Emerging Themes

AbstractFeeding an infant is an interactive process that facilitates social, emotional and culturally based skills. Children with congenital or acquired cardiac disease frequently require supportive regimes with regard to feeding so as to maintain weight, resulting in altered experiences for both the child and family. This study evaluated the practical, emotional and social ramifications for parents, of having a child with cardiac disease who also experienced difficulties with oral feeding. The study sampled three groups of parents who had children less than 3 years of age: those with cardiac disease who had difficulty in feeding, those with cardiac disease and no such difficulty, and those with no medical diagnosis. Parents completed a questionnaire about feeding, a time diary of activities involved in feeding, and Tuckman's Mood Thermometers, which measure anger and ‘poorness-of-mood’ associated with feeding the identified child. Parents of children with cardiac disease and a feeding difficulty reported a significantly more negative mood-state, and significantly longer time associated with feeding, than parents of children in the other two groups. Emerging themes from qualitative analysis of the data suggested that having a child with congenital cardiac disease producing difficulty in feeding had a strong negative impact on the whole family.

scholarly journals Dogs are more pessimistic if their owners use two or more aversive training methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Casey ◽  
Maria Naj-Oleari ◽  
Sarah Campbell ◽  
Michael Mendl ◽  
Emily J. Blackwell
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Negative Mood State ◽  
Judgement Bias ◽  
Welfare Implications

AbstractDomestic dogs are trained using a range of different methods, broadly categorised as reward based (positive reinforcement/negative punishment) and aversive based (positive punishment/negative reinforcement). Previous research has suggested associations between use of positive punishment-based techniques and undesired behaviours, but there is little research investigating the relative welfare consequences of these different approaches. This study used a judgement bias task to compare the underlying mood state of dogs whose owners reported using two or more positive punishment/negative reinforcement based techniques, with those trained using only positive reinforcement/negative punishment in a matched pair study design. Dogs were trained to discriminate between rewarded and unrewarded locations equidistant from a start box, and mean latencies recorded. Their subsequent latency to intermediate ‘ambiguous’ locations was recorded as an indication of whether these were perceived as likely to contain food or not. Dogs trained using aversive methods were slower to all ambiguous locations. This difference was significant for latency to the middle (Wilcoxon Z = − 2.380, P = 0.017), and near positive (Wilcoxon Z = − 2.447, P = 0.014) locations, suggesting that dogs trained using coercive methods may have a more negative mood state, and hence that there are welfare implications of training dogs using such methods.

SERUM LEVELS OF GONADOTROPHINS IN HAMSTERS EXPOSED TO SHORT PHOTOPERIODS: EFFECTS OF ADRENALECTOMY AND OVARIECTOMY

1979 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. BITTMAN ◽  
B. D. GOLDMAN
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Adrenal Steroids ◽  
Gonadotrophin Secretion ◽  
Neuroendocrine Axis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Short Days

SUMMARY Female hamsters rendered acyclic by exposure to short photoperiods (10 h light: 14 h darkness) showed diurnal surges of both LH and FSH which persisted after removal of the ovaries and adrenal glands. The reduced increase in gonadotrophin secretion after ovariectomy, typical of hamsters exposed to short days, was also not contingent upon the presence of the adrenal glands. The results demonstrate that 'supersensitivity' of the neuroendocrine axis to feedback of ovarian or adrenal steroids cannot fully account for either the daily surges of gonadotrophins or the diminished response of LH and FSH to ovariectomy in hamsters maintained on short days. It is suggested that these changes result instead from other pineal-mediated actions of short photoperiods upon the brain.

PHOTOPERIODIC MODULATION OF GONADOTROPHIN SECRETION IN CASTRATED JAPANESE QUAIL

1982 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. URBANSKI ◽  
B. K. FOLLETT
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Gonadal Steroids ◽  
Photoperiodic Control ◽  
Gonadotrophin Secretion ◽  
Lh Secretion ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Short Days

Male Japanese quail were castrated when sexually immature and immediately exposed to one of the following stimulatory lighting regimes for 52 days: 11 h light: 13 h darkness/day (11L : 13D), 12L : 12D, 13L : 11D, 14L : 10D, 15L : 9D, 16L : 8D, 20L : 4D or 23L : 1D. One group was retained on short days (8L : 16D). Clearcut differences in the plasma levels of LH and FSH emerged between the various groups. Levels remained very low in castrated quail on 8L : 16D but were much greater in those on 14L : 10D, 15L : 9D, 16L : 8D, 20L : 4D and 23L : 1D, eventually becoming 15 to 20 times higher. Less pronounced castration responses developed on 13L : 11D, 12L : 12D or 11L : 13D. Alterations in photoperiod after day 52 caused an appropriate rise or fall in LH secretion. Photoperiodically induced suppressions were rapid, being highly significant within 4 days, but increases usually had a slower time course. When sexually mature quail (on 16L : 8D) were castrated and transferred to 8L : 16D they also exhibited a rapid suppression in LH secretion. Thus in quail, unlike some mammals, the photoperiodic control over gonadotrophin secretion is independent of the reproductive status of the animal at the time of castration. The results confirm the view that changes in sensitivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis to gonadal steroids are not a primary factor in the neural mechanisms underlying photoperiodism in quail.

scholarly journals Negative mood affects the expression of negative but not positive emotions in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1933) ◽  
pp. 20201636
Author(s):  
Jasmine M. Clarkson ◽  
Matthew C. Leach ◽  
Paul A. Flecknell ◽  
Candy Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Negative Events

Whether and to what extent animals experience emotions is crucial for understanding their decisions and behaviour, and underpins a range of scientific fields, including animal behaviour, neuroscience, evolutionary biology and animal welfare science. However, research has predominantly focused on alleviating negative emotions in animals, with the expression of positive emotions left largely unexplored. Therefore, little is known about positive emotions in animals and how their expression is mediated. We used tail handling to induce a negative mood in laboratory mice and found that while being more anxious and depressed increased their expression of a discrete negative emotion (disappointment), meaning that they were less resilient to negative events, their capacity to express a discrete positive emotion (elation) was unaffected relative to control mice. Therefore, we show not only that mice have discrete positive emotions, but that they do so regardless of their current mood state. Our findings are the first to suggest that the expression of discrete positive and negative emotions in animals is not equally affected by long-term mood state. Our results also demonstrate that repeated negative events can have a cumulative effect to reduce resilience in laboratory animals, which has significant implications for animal welfare.

Effects of photoperiod on formation of oestradiol-17β in the dove brain

1986 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Hutchison ◽  
Th. Steimer ◽  
P. Jaggard
Keyword(s):  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Aromatase Activity ◽  
Vocal Behaviour ◽  
Brain Aromatase ◽  
Hormone Sensitive ◽  
Short Days

ABSTRACT The effects of photoperiod and castration on brain aromatase activity have been examined using an in-vitro radioassay. Formation of oestradiol-17β was lower in the preoptic area of male Barbary doves on a short daylength (6 h light: 18 h darkness) than in males on a long daylength (14 h light: 10 h darkness). This was a specific effect of photoperiod which did not influence aromatase activity in the anterior or posterior hypothalamic areas, and was not accompanied by changes in hormone-sensitive vocal behaviour. Production of 5β-dihydrotestosterone, 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol and 5α-dihydrotestosterone by the preoptic area did not differ between birds on long or short days. Therefore, a short photoperiod does not appear to influence other pathways of androgen metabolism. In contrast to the effects of photoperiod, castration reduced oestradiol formation in both preoptic and hypothalamic areas. Intramuscular injection of testosterone propionate (TP) in intact males on short days did not restore the pattern of distribution of aromatase activity seen in males on long days. Preoptic aromatase activity was, however, restored by TP in castrated birds. We conclude that a short photoperiod influences both the activity of aromatase and the inductive effect of testosterone on enzyme activity in the preoptic area, which is known to be associated with the behavioural action of oestrogen in the dove. Photoperiod is likely to act both through changes in circulating androgen and by a direct action on preoptic cells. J. Endocr. (1986) 109, 371–377

scholarly journals Effect of melatonin from slow-release implants on aquaporins (AQP1 and AQP4) in the ovine choroid plexus

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 32-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Szczepkowska ◽  
M.T. Skowroński ◽  
M. Kowalewska ◽  
S. Milewski ◽  
J. Skipor
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Exon 2 ◽  
Seasonally Breeding ◽  
Short Days ◽  
Csf Production

Aquaporins (AQPs) play important role in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion and AQP1 and AQP4 are localized in the choroid plexus (CP), which is the main place of CSF production. In ewes, seasonally breeding animals, the turnover rate (TOR) of CSF is photoperiodically modulated and melatonin, a biochemical signal about changing photoperiod, is used to advance the onset of the breeding season by mimicking the stimulatory effect of short days (SD). This study evaluates the effect of melatonin implantation during long days (LD) on AQPs expression in the ovine CP. Studies were performed on ovariectomized, estradiol implanted ewes treated with placebo (n = 6) or with melatonin (n = 6) during LD. Ewes were sacrificed 40 days after melatonin/placebo implantation and CPs from the lateral/third brain ventricles were collected for Real-time and Western blot analyses. Additionally, for immunohistochemical analysis, CP samples were collected from ewes (n = 3) sacrificed during LD. We demonstrated an apical membrane localization of AQP1 and a diffused distribution of AQP4 in the epithelial cells of CP. The mRNA expression of AQP1 was 20 times higher than the expression of all AQP4 isoforms, and among them AQP4 isoforms containing exon 2 constituted approximately 38%. The melatonin implantation significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased the mRNA expression of AQP1 and AQP4 and the protein level of AQP4 isoforms (33 and 28 kDa). For AQP1 we observed a significant (P &lt; 0.05) decrease of glycosylated (33 kDa) and a significant (P &lt; 0.05) increase of unglycosylated (23 kDa) predominant protein form. Therefore it can be suggested that at least AQP1, which is involved in CSF production and has been demonstrated to be modulated by melatonin implantation, is linked with the photoperiodic modulation of the CSF production in ewes.

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