How do herders do well? Profitability potential of livestock grazing in Inner Mongolia, China, across ecosystem types

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Li ◽  
Joleen C. Hadrich ◽  
Brian E. Robinson ◽  
Yulu Hou ◽  
Yating Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Weather Shocks ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Enterprise Budgets

Livestock production has increased in Inner Mongolia, China, despite widespread documentation of grassland degradation. To begin investigating the relationship that produces these trends, we studied farm-level decisions of herder households. We estimated economic enterprise budgets for 15 counties in Inner Mongolia across five ecosystems in 2009 and 2014 by using household survey data. Six counties decreased livestock stocking rates and had improved profit over time. The remaining counties increased their stocking rates over the period studied and profit decreased for all but one county. Livestock operators who reported negative profit over the 5 years were located across ecosystem types and reported a large number of weather shocks that affected grassland availability. Removing the opportunity cost of land and labour from the economic enterprise budgets resulted in a positive profit for all counties, which may explain why herders continue to increase stocking rates with decreased grassland availability over time.

scholarly journals Trade, Tastes, and Nutrition in India

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 1629-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Atkin
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Region I ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Preferred Foods ◽  
Agricultural Trade Liberalization ◽  
Model Household ◽  
Over Time

This paper explores the causes and consequences of regional taste differences. I introduce habit formation into a standard general equilibrium model. Household tastes evolve over time to favor foods consumed as a child. Thus, locally abundant foods are preferred in every region, as they were relatively inexpensive in prior generations. These patterns alter the correspondence between price changes and nutrition. For example, neglecting this relationship between tastes and agro-climatic endowments overstates the short-run nutritional gains from agricultural trade liberalization, since preferred foods rise in price in every region. I examine the model's predictions using household survey data from many regions of India. (JEL D12, I12, O12, O18, R23)

scholarly journals Fertility and Childlessness in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 1852-1882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Baudin ◽  
David de la Croix ◽  
Paula E. Gobbi
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extensive Margin ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
High Opportunity Cost ◽  
Us Census ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

We develop a theory of fertility, distinguishing its intensive margin from its extensive margin. The deep parameters are identified using facts from the 1990 US Census: (i) fertility of mothers decreases with education; (ii) childlessness exhibits a U-shaped relationship with education; (iii) the relationship between marriage rates and education is hump-shaped for women and increasing for men. We estimate that 2.5 percent of women were childless because of poverty and 8.1 percent because of high opportunity cost of childrearing. Over time, historical trends in total factor productivity and in education led to a U-shaped response in childlessness rates while fertility of mothers decreased. (JEL I20, J13, J16, N31, N32)

scholarly journals Child Discipline in Times of Conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1070-1094
Author(s):  
Michael Malcolm ◽  
Vidya Diwakar ◽  
George Naufal
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms ◽  
High Conflict ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Conflict Intensity

Using a unique pairing of household survey data and geolocational conflict data, we investigate the relationship between conflict intensity and the disciplinary methods employed by Iraqi households. We find that parents in high-conflict areas are more likely to use moderate and severe corporal punishment and are less likely to use constructive parenting techniques like redirection. A corresponding difference-in-differences analysis confirms the nature of this association. While there is a general sense that war has profound long-term impacts on the psychological health of children, research on transmission mechanisms remains limited. Given the persistence of early childhood outcomes into adulthood, these results are potentially an important piece of assessing and mitigating the long-term costs of war on civilian populations.

scholarly journals Attempting to disentangle the relationship between impulsivity and longitudinal self-harm: Epidemiological analysis of UK household survey data

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angharad N de Cates ◽  
Gennaro Catone ◽  
Paul Bebbington ◽  
Matthew R Broome
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Mood Instability ◽  
Adult Psychiatry ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Impulsivity may be an important risk factor in terms of future self-harm. However, the extent of this, whether it may relate to self-harm that is new in onset and/or repetition of self-harm, and the detail of any interaction with mood instability (MI) and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) requires detailed examination. Aims: We used the 2000 Adult Psychiatry Morbidity Survey and an 18-month follow-up data to test hypotheses relating to the role of impulsivity, CSA and MI in the inception and persistence of self-harm. Methods: We assessed associations of impulsivity with (1) suicidal self-harm (SSH) and (2) non-SSH (NSSH) at baseline and follow-up, controlling for confounders including MI. Finally, we tested whether impulsivity mediated the relationship between CSA and self-harm. Results: A total of 8,580 respondents were assessed at baseline and 2,406 at follow-up as planned. Impulsivity significantly predicted emergence of new NSSH at 18-month follow-up even after adjustment for MI and other confounders. Impulsivity did not significantly predict repetition of NSSH, or repetition or new inception of SSH, even before inclusion of MI in the model. However, the absolute numbers involved were small. Cross-sectionally, impulsivity was a stronger mediator of the link between CSA and SSH (13.1%) than that between CSA and NSSH (4.8%). Conclusion: Impulsivity may increase the risk of future development of NSSH independently of MI, which is clinically important for risk assessment. The involvement of impulsivity in the repetition of self-harm generally appears less certain. However, impulsivity may have a role in SSH in the context of previous CSA.

scholarly journals Is Rising Household Debt Affecting Retirement Decisions?

2020 ◽  
pp. 132-164
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Butrica ◽  
Nadia S. Karamcheva
Keyword(s):  
Credit Card ◽  
Student Loans ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Student Loan ◽  
Household Debt ◽  
Student Loan Debt ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
Predominant Type ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Over Time

Household debt among older Americans approaching retirement has increased dramatically over time. Older households have become increasingly more indebted and more leveraged. While mortgages remain the predominant type of debt among households in their 50s and 60s, student loan debt has also risen among these households in recent years. This chapter uses household survey data to show that more indebted older adults are more likely to work, less likely to be retired, and, on average, expect to work longer than those with less debt. Furthermore, the chapter examines how different types of debt such as mortgages, credit card debt, and student loans affect those decisions.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Calorie Consumption and Elasticity in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINH HOANG VU
Keyword(s):  
Parametric Method ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Parametric Estimation ◽  
Calorie Consumption ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

This paper analyzes calorie consumption in Vietnam using the household survey data. The data suggest that food insecurity is still a major problem in Vietnam, with nearly 40 percent of the population being unable to meet their calorie requirement. Employing nonparametric and parametric estimation techniques, the paper examines the relationship between household calorie consumption and per capita household expenditure in Vietnam. The analysis indicates a positive and significant relationship between per capita expenditure and per capita calorie consumption. The mean calorie elasticity is estimated to be between 0.21 and 0.31 by the parametric method and 0.20 by non-parametric method. In addition, simulated income and food price changes indicate that undernutrition is very responsive to changes in income and food prices

Saving Education Received in Early Life and Future Orientation in Adulthood

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-82
Author(s):  
Alessandro Bucciol ◽  
Luca Zarri
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycles ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Future Planning ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Orientation Index ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

We use data from a Dutch data set, the DNB Household Survey, annually covering the period 1996–2015, to study the relationship between informal parental saving education received when people were children or adolescents and two variables aimed to capture adult individuals' concerns for their future: planning horizon and future orientation. Our results indicate that the general future orientation positively correlates with informal saving education, and in particular having received financial teachings. Our findings also suggest that the future orientation index is rather stable over time (which is not trivial, especially because our dataset covers two full business cycles) and declines with age following the life-cycle.

The Persistence of Gender Earnings Inequality in Taiwan, 1978–1992

ILR Review ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 594-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Zveglich ◽  
Yana van der Meulen Rodgers ◽  
William M. Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Wage Discrimination ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Relative Gains ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Over Time

During the 1980s, Taiwan's industry and export mixes shifted toward higher-skill, technology-intensive products, and lower-skill, labor-intensive industries began moving abroad. Despite improvements in women's skills and educational attainment relative to men's, the mean gender earnings ratio between 1978 and 1992 remained at 65%. The authors analyze household survey data from Taiwan's Manpower Utilization Survey to examine why rapid structural change was not accompanied by a narrowing of the gender gap. The results strongly suggest that large losses experienced by women in unmeasured gender-specific factors—which could reflect the effects of labor market intermittency, growing gender differences in unobserved skills, or an increase in wage discrimination against women—offset their relative gains in education and experience. Further evidence provides no support for a widening gender gap in labor force commitment or in unobserved skills, suggesting that wage discrimination against female workers increased over time.

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