scholarly journals A multiple response stratified sampling design with travel cost

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shazia Ghufran ◽  
Saman Khowaja ◽  
Najmussehar ◽  
M. J. Ahsan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Travel Cost ◽  
Stratified Sampling ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Multiple Response ◽  
Actual Cost ◽  
Compromise Allocation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Linear Cost

In developing the theory of stratified sampling usually the cost function is taken as a linear function of sample sizes considering the measurement and the overhead costs only. In many practical situations the linear cost function does not approximate the actual cost incurred adequately. For example when the cost of traveling between the units selected in the sample within a stratum is significant, instead of linear cost function a cost function that is quadratic in will be a more close approximation to the actual cost. In this paper the problem of finding a compromise allocation for a multiple response stratified sample survey with a significant travel cost within strata is formulated as a multiobjective non linear programming problem. A solution procedure is proposed using the goal programming approach. A numerical example is also presented to illustrate the computational details.

Energy Cost Optimization of HVAC Loads Under Time-Varying Electricity Price Signals

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Bashash
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Electricity Price ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Temperature Deviation ◽  
Price Signals ◽  
The Cost

This paper presents a dynamic programming approach to optimize energy cost of multiple interacting household appliances such as air conditioning systems and refrigerators with temperature flexibility, under time varying electricity price signals. We adopt a first order differential equation model with a binary (ON-OFF) switching control function for each load. An energy cost minimization problem is then formulated with a pair of constraints on the temperature lower and upper bounds, as well as an equality condition on the initial and final temperature states. We use dynamic programming to compute cost-optimal control inputs and temperature trajectories for a given electricity price profile and ambient temperature condition. To account for temperature deviation from its desired setpoint, a quadratic temperature deviation penalty is added to the cost function. Moreover, to minimize the control input chattering for equipment protection, the cost function is expanded to also minimize the number of on-off switching events. Results for the different weighting combinations of the optimization objectives provide useful insights on the optimal operation of individual and multiple interacting HVAC loads. In particular, we observe that the loads are desynchronized under the cost-optimal operation, in the presence of local (renewable) power generation. The presented optimization algorithm and observed results can lead to the development of novel model predictive and rule-based feedback control policies for optimal energy management in households.

scholarly journals Estimation of Finite Population Mean in Multivariate Stratified Sampling under Cost Function Using Goal Programming

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Atta Ullah ◽  
Javid Shabbir ◽  
Zawar Hussain ◽  
Bander Al-Zahrani
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Goal Programming ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Finite Population ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Practical Utilization ◽  
Population Mean

In practical utilization of stratified random sampling scheme, the investigator meets a problem to select a sample that maximizes the precision of a finite population mean under cost constraint. An allocation of sample size becomes complicated when more than one characteristic is observed from each selected unit in a sample. In many real life situations, a linear cost function of a sample sizenhis not a good approximation to actual cost of sample survey when traveling cost between selected units in a stratum is significant. In this paper, sample allocation problem in multivariate stratified random sampling with proposed cost function is formulated in integer nonlinear multiobjective mathematical programming. A solution procedure is proposed using extended lexicographic goal programming approach. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the computational details and to compare the efficiency of proposed compromise allocation.

The Cost of Being ‘Backward’ in India: Socio-religious Discrimination in the Labour Market

2021 ◽  
pp. 097370302110296
Author(s):  
Soumyajit Chakraborty ◽  
Alok K. Bohara
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Capital Endowment ◽  
Scheduled Castes ◽  
Sample Survey Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Human Capital Endowment

Being from backward castes, classes and Muslims in India has an economic cost associated with the nature of institutional discrimination. Using the 2011–2012 National Sample Survey data, this study identifies that caste and religion still rule the modern Indian labour market. We find that discrimination is evident in the socio-religious earnings gaps. While the parametric decompositions suggest that most of these gaps are due to differential human capital endowment, the nonparametric method almost evenly attributes inequality to discrimination and endowment. The results presented in this study suggest that discrimination against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Muslims and Other Backward Classes should be included in policy designs to promote equity in the Indian labour market.

scholarly journals Cost-efficiency assessments of marine monitoring methods lack rigor—a systematic mapping of literature and an end-user view on optimal cost-efficiency analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 193 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heini Hyvärinen ◽  
Annaliina Skyttä ◽  
Susanna Jernberg ◽  
Kristian Meissner ◽  
Harri Kuosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Actual Cost ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Marine Monitoring ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Cost

AbstractGlobal deterioration of marine ecosystems, together with increasing pressure to use them, has created a demand for new, more efficient and cost-efficient monitoring tools that enable assessing changes in the status of marine ecosystems. However, demonstrating the cost-efficiency of a monitoring method is not straightforward as there are no generally applicable guidelines. Our study provides a systematic literature mapping of methods and criteria that have been proposed or used since the year 2000 to evaluate the cost-efficiency of marine monitoring methods. We aimed to investigate these methods but discovered that examples of actual cost-efficiency assessments in literature were rare, contradicting the prevalent use of the term “cost-efficiency.” We identified five different ways to compare the cost-efficiency of a marine monitoring method: (1) the cost–benefit ratio, (2) comparative studies based on an experiment, (3) comparative studies based on a literature review, (4) comparisons with other methods based on literature, and (5) subjective comparisons with other methods based on experience or intuition. Because of the observed high frequency of insufficient cost–benefit assessments, we strongly advise that more attention is paid to the coverage of both cost and efficiency parameters when evaluating the actual cost-efficiency of novel methods. Our results emphasize the need to improve the reliability and comparability of cost-efficiency assessments. We provide guidelines for future initiatives to develop a cost-efficiency assessment framework and suggestions for more unified cost-efficiency criteria.

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