Effects of agricultural management on tenosols in northern Tasmania

Attributes of 15 Tasmanian sandy tenosols were assessed using field and laboratory techniques to determine differences under 3 typical forms of agricultural management: long-term pasture, cropping with shallow tillage using discs and tines, and cropping (including potatoes) with more rigorous and deeper tillage including deep ripping and powered implements. Soil organic carbon in the surface 75 mm was 2.6&percnt; under long-term pasture compared with 1.1&percnt; in rigorously tilled cropping paddocks. Readily oxidisable carbon concentrations were 2.3 mg/g and 1.0 mg/g, respectively. These differences were negatively correlated with the number of years cropped, which we viewed with concern. Infiltration rate was greater and shear strength less in cropped paddocks compared with long-term pasture. Dry bulk density was greater and total porosity and macroporosity were less in rigorously tilled paddocks. Subsoil compaction was apparent in paddocks which had grown potatoes. Cropping was not clearly associated with smaller or less stable aggregates. A survey of farmers' perceptions found that they identified more healthy than unhealthy soil attributes under all management histories. Significant negative correlations were found between the number of unhealthy attributes identified in a farmer survey and laboratory-determined water-stable aggregates and mean weight diameter of dry soil aggregates. The effects of cropping are not associated with a broad range of degraded soil attributes on these Tasmanian tenosols. tenosols, sandy soils, organic carbon, soil strength, aggregate stability, land management, cropping.

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Effects of agricultural management on sodosols in northern Tasmania

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr00029 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 711 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

W. E. Cotching ◽

J. Cooper ◽

L. A. Sparrow ◽

B. E. McCorkell ◽

W. Rowley

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Management Practices ◽

Aggregate Stability ◽

Aggregate Size ◽

Infiltration Rate ◽

Agricultural Management ◽

Microbial Biomass C ◽

Organic C ◽

Soil Attributes

Attributes of 25 Tasmanian sodosols were assessed using field and laboratory techniques to determine changes associated with 4 typical forms of agricultural management [long-term pasture, cropping with shallow tillage using discs and tines, cropping (including potatoes) with more rigorous and deeper tillage including deep ripping and powered implements, and cropping (including potatoes) where the potatoes were harvested when the soil was wet]. Soil organic carbon in the top 150 mm was 2.7% under long-term pasture compared with 1.8% in rigorously tilled cropping paddocks, and microbial biomass C values were 194 and 129 mg/kg, respectively. Readily oxidisable organic C concentrations were 1.8 mg/g and 1.3 mg/g, respectively. Infiltration rate was greater in paddocks with shallow tillage cropping than long-term pasture but was 43% less in paddocks which had grown potatoes and 70% less after a wet potato harvest. Dry aggregate-size showed no change under shallow tillage cropping compared with long-term pasture but decreased significantly in more rigorously tilled potato cropping paddocks. Aggregate stability in all cropped paddocks was nearly 50% less than in long-term pasture paddocks, with values in intensively tilled potato cropping paddocks approaching relatively low levels. Colwell extractable phosphorus (P) increased with all cropping, particularly after potatoes. Lower organic carbon and poorer physical properties were associated with paddocks which had grown potatoes, which adds weight to the view that cropping rotation and associated soil management practices are critical for sustainable management of Tasmanian sodosols. Farmers were surveyed about their views of the condition of their paddocks. They identified more healthy than unhealthy soil attributes under all management histories but reported more unhealthy soil attributes when potatoes were included in their rotation.

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Effects of agricultural management on dermosols in northern Tasmania

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr01006 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 65 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

W. E. Cotching ◽

J. Cooper ◽

L. A. Sparrow ◽

B. E. McCorkell ◽

W. Rowley

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽

Aggregate Stability ◽

Infiltration Rate ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Agricultural Management ◽

Structural Development ◽

Laboratory Techniques ◽

Carbon Concentrations

Attributes of 15 Tasmanian dermosols were assessed using field and laboratory techniques to determine changes associated with 3 typical forms of agricultural management: long-term pasture, cropping with shallow tillage using discs and tines, and cropping (including potatoes) with more rigorous and deeper tillage including deep ripping and powered implements. Soil organic carbon in the surface 75 mm was 7.0&percnt; under long-term pasture compared with 4.3&percnt; and 4.2&percnt; in cropped paddocks. Microbial biomass carbon concentrations were 217 mg/kg, 161 mg/kg, and 139 mg/kg, respectively. These differences were negatively correlated with the number of years cropped. Greater bulk densities were found in the surface layer of cropped paddocks but these were not associated with increased penetration resistance or decreased infiltration rate and are unlikely to impede root growth. Long-term pasture paddocks showed stronger structural development and had smaller clods than cropped paddocks. Vane shear strength and penetration resistance were lower in cropped paddocks than under long-term pasture. Many soil attributes showed no significant differences associated with management. Including potatoes in the rotation did not appear to affect these dermosols, which indicates a degree of robustness in these soils. clay loams, organic carbon, soil strength, aggregate stability, land management, cropping.

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WATER-STABLE AGGREGATION IN RELATION TO VARIOUS CROPPING ROTATIONS AND SOIL CONSTITUENTS

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss65-027 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 189-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. N. Malik ◽

D. S. Stevenson ◽

G. C. Russell

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Soil Aggregates ◽

Aggregate Stability ◽

The Other ◽

Soluble Salts ◽

Soil Aggregate Stability ◽

Soil Constituents

The effects of four cropping systems on water-stable aggregation were compared. Two methods of wetting the soil, (1) by capillarity and (2) under vacuum prior to wet-sieving, were also compared. Various soil constituents were determined to assess their roles in the promotion of granulation and stability. Water-stable aggregation in grassland was significantly higher than in the other three long-term rotations, corn once in 9 years, continuous wheat, and 4 years alfalfa in 10 years. No significant differences in water-stable aggregation were found among the other three rotations.Wetting the soil by capillarity was judged to give a better index of soil aggregate stability than wetting under vacuum. Organic carbon and stable aggregation were positively correlated in the grassland soil and in the soil of the cultural treatments combined over all depths, suggesting an important role of organic matter in stabilization of soil aggregates. It is pointed out, however, that in cultivated soils the cultivation or the type of root system of the crops may override the influence of the organic carbon. Total soluble salts were positively correlated with aggregation in a few treatments.

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Chemical and hydrophysical attributes of an Oxisol under coffee intercropped with brachiaria in the Cerrado

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2016000900046 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (9) ◽

pp. 1476-1483 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Omar Cruz Rocha ◽

Maria Lucrécia Gerosa Ramos ◽

Adriano Delly Veiga ◽

Antonio Fernando Guerra ◽

Gabriel Ferreira Bartholo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Block Design ◽

Aggregate Stability ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Soil Layers ◽

Soil Attributes ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Coffee Yield ◽

Urochloa Decumbens ◽

Physical Attributes

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of irrigation and of the presence of brachiaria (Urochloa decumbens) between coffee (Coffea arabica) rows on coffee yield and on chemical and hydrophysical attributes of a Typic Haplustox. The study was conducted in the Cerrado region in Planaltina, Brasília, DF, Brazil, in a randomized complete block design, arranged in split-split plots, with four replicates. Water regimes (irrigated or rainfed) were assigned to the main plots, inter-row management systems to the subplots, and soil layers to the sub-subplots. The following soil attributes were determined: total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, carbon and nitrogen stocks, bulk density, aggregate stability, total porosity, macroporosity, low-retention microporosity, remaining microporosity, criptoporosity, and total and readily-available water, besides coffee yield. Irrigation of coffee plants, associated with brachiaria intercropped as a cover crop, increased coffee yield and favored chemical and hydrophysical soil attributes, improving soil structure and its ability to store water. Irrigation favors organic carbon stocks in the upper soil layers, whereas brachiaria favors soil physical attributes related to water availability to coffee.

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Dynamics of Soil Organic Carbon and Labile Carbon Fractions in Soil Aggregates Affected by Different Tillage Managements

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13031541 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1541

Author(s):

Xiaolin Shen ◽

Lili Wang ◽

Qichen Yang ◽

Weiming Xiu ◽

Gang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Aggregates ◽

Aggregate Stability ◽

Soil Aggregate ◽

No Tillage ◽

Labile Carbon ◽

Carbon Fractions ◽

Soil Aggregate Stability ◽

Positive Effects

Our study aimed to provide a scientific basis for an appropriate tillage management of wheat-maize rotation system, which is beneficial to the sustainable development of agriculture in the fluvo-aquic soil areas in China. Four tillage treatments were investigated after maize harvest, including rotary tillage with straw returning (RT), deep ploughing with straw returning (DP), subsoiling with straw returning (SS), and no tillage with straw mulching (NT). We evaluated soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and particulate organic carbon (POC) in bulk soil and soil aggregates with five particle sizes (>5 mm, 5–2 mm, 2–1 mm, 1–0.25 mm, and <0.25 mm) under different tillage managements. Results showed that compared with RT treatment, NT treatment not only increased soil aggregate stability, but also enhanced SOC, DOC, and POC contents, especially those in large size macroaggregates. DP treatment also showed positive effects on soil aggregate stability and labile carbon fractions (DOC and POXC). Consequently, we suggest that no tillage or deep ploughing, rather than rotary tillage, could be better tillage management considering carbon storage. Meanwhile, we implied that mass fractal dimension (Dm) and POXC could be effective indicators of soil quality, as affected by tillage managements.

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Influence of agricultural management on soil organic carbon: A compendium and assessment of Canadian studies

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s03-009 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 83 (4) ◽

pp. 363-380 ◽

Cited By ~ 194

Author(s):

A. J. VandenBygaart ◽

E. G. Gregorich ◽

D. A. Angers

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Organic Carbon ◽

Management Practices ◽

Agricultural Management ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Published Data ◽

Native Land ◽

Soc Stocks ◽

Long Term Studies

To fulfill commitments under the Kyoto Protocol, Canada is required to provide verifiable estimates and uncertainties for soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, and for changes in those stocks over time. Estimates and uncertainties for agricultural soils can be derived from long-term studies that have measured differences in SOC between different management practices. We compiled published data from long-term studies in Canada to assess the effect of agricultural management on SOC. A total of 62 studies were compiled, in which the difference in SOC was determined for conversion from native land to cropland, and for different tillage, crop rotation and fertilizer management practices. There was a loss of 24 ± 6% of the SOC after native land was converted to agricultural land. No-till (NT) increased the storage of SOC in western Canada by 2.9 ± 1.3 Mg ha-1; however, in eastern Canada conversion to NT did not increase SOC. In general, the potential to store SOC when NT was adopted decreased with increasing background levels of SOC. Using no-tillage, reducing summer fallow, including hay in rotation with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), plowing green manures into the soil, and applying N and organic fertilizers were the practices that tended to show the most consistent in creases in SOC storage. By relating treatment SOC levels to those in the control treatments, SOC stock change factors and their levels of uncertainty were derived for use in empirical models, such as the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Guidelines model for C stock changes. However, we must be careful when attempting to extrapolate research plot data to farmers’ fields since the history of soil and crop management has a significant influence on existing and future SOC stocks. Key words: C sequestration, tillage, crop rotations, fertilizer, cropping intensity, Canada

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Soil compaction and eucalyptus growth in response to forwarder traffic intensity and load

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832008000300002 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 921-932 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Sérgio Ricardo da Silva ◽

Nairam Félix de Barros ◽

Liovando Marciano da Costa ◽

Fernando Palha Leite

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Tree Height ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Infiltration Rate ◽

Traffic Intensity ◽

Number Of Passes

During timber exploitation in forest stands harvesting machines pass repeatedly along the same track and can cause soil compaction, which leads to soil erosion and restricted tree root growth. The level of soil compaction depends on the number of passes and weight of the wood load. This paper aimed to evaluate soil compaction and eucalyptus growth as affected by the number of passes and wood load of a forwarder. The study was carried out in Santa Maria de Itabira county, Minas Gerais State - Brazil, on a seven-year-old eucalyptus stand planted on an Oxisol. The trees were felled by chainsaw and manually removed. Plots of 144 m² (four rows 12 m long in a 3 x 2 m spacing) were then marked off for the conduction of two trials. The first tested the traffic intensity of a forwarder which weighed 11,900 kg and carried 12 m³ wood (density of 480 kg m-3) and passed 2, 4, and 8 times along the same track. In the second trial, the forwarder carried loads of 4, 8, and 12 m³ of wood, and the machine was driven four times along the same track. In each plot, the passes affected four rows. Eucalyptus was planted in 30 x 30 x 30 cm holes on the compacted tracks. The soil in the area is clayey (470 clay and 440 g kg-1 sand content) and at depths of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm, respectively, soil organic carbon was 406 and 272 g kg-1 and the moisture content during the trial 248 and 249 g kg-1. These layers were assessed for soil bulk density and water-stable aggregates. The infiltration rate was measured by a cylinder infiltrometer. After 441 days the measurements were repeated, with additional analyses of: soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, N-NH4+, N-NO3-, porosity, and penetration resistance. Tree height, stem diameter, and stem dry matter were measured. Forwarder traffic increased soil compaction, resistance to penetration and microporosity while it reduced the geometric mean diameter, total porosity, macroporosity and infiltration rate. Stem dry matter yield and tree height were not affected by soil compaction. Two passes of the forwarder were enough to cause the disturbances at the highest levels. The compaction effects were still persistent 441 days after forwarder traffic.

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Long-Term Effect of Soil Use and Management on Organic Carbon and Aggregate Stability

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/18069657rbcs20170393 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Neuro Hilton Wolschick ◽

Fabrício Tondello Barbosa ◽

Ildegardis Bertol ◽

Bárbara Bagio ◽

Danieli Schneiders Kaufmann

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Aggregate Stability ◽

Term Effect ◽

Long Term Effect

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The effects of cultivation on the composition of organic-matter and structural stability of soils

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9950975 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 975 ◽

Cited By ~ 124

Author(s):

A Golchin ◽

P Clarke ◽

JM Oades ◽

JO Skjemstad

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Organic Materials ◽

Aggregate Stability ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Dispersible Clay ◽

Different Soils

Soil samples were obtained from the surface horizons of five untilled sites and adjacent sites under short- and long-term cultivation. The soil samples were fractionated based on density and organic materials were concentrated in various fractions which enabled comparative chemical composition of the organic materials in cultivated and uncultivated sites by solid-state C-13 CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. Changes in the nature of organic carbon with cultivation were different in different soils and resulted from variations in the chemistry of carbon inputs to the soils and a greater extent of decomposition of organic materials in cultivated soils. Differences in the chemical composition of organic carbon between cultivated and uncultivated soils resided mostly in organic materials occluded within aggregates, whereas the chemistry of organic matter associated with clay particles showed only small changes. The results indicate a faster decomposition of O-alkyl C in the cultivated soils. Wet aggregate stability, mechanically dispersible clay and modulus of rupture tests were used to assess the effects of cultivation on structural stability of soils. In four of five soils, the virgin sites and sites which had been under long-term pasture had a greater aggregate stability than the cultivated sites. Neither total organic matter nor total O-alkyl C content was closely correlated with aggregate stability, suggesting that only a part of soil carbon or carbohydrate is involved in aggregate stability. The fractions of carbon and O-alkyl C present in the form of particulate organic matter occluded within aggregates were better correlated with aggregate stability (r = 0.86** and 0.88**, respectively). Cultivation was not the dominant factor influencing water-dispersible clay across the range of soil types used in this study. The amount of dispersible clay was a function of total clay content and the percentage of clay dispersed was controlled by factors such as clay mineralogy, CaCO3 and organic matter content of soils. The tendency of different soils for hard-setting and crusting, as a result of structural collapse, was reflected in the modulus of rupture (MOR). The cultivated sites had significantly higher MOR than their non-tilled counterparts. The soils studied had different MOR due to differences in their physical and chemical properties.

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