A new model for dung decomposition and phosphorus transformations and loss in runoff

Non point-source pollution of fresh waters by agricultural phosphorus (P) can accelerate eutrophication of surface waters and limit their use for drinking, recreation, and industry. An important pathway of agricultural P transport is surface runoff, to which unincorporated dung from grazing cattle can be a significant contributor. Computer models commonly used to identify agricultural areas with a high potential for P export do not adequately simulate dung application to the soil surface, dung disappearance, and dung P loss to runoff. We developed a new model to simulate these processes for grazing cattle dung. The model simulates dung organic matter decomposition and assimilation into soil by bioturbation as a function of air temperature and dung moisture. We validated that the model can accurately predict rates of dung disappearance, using data from 12 published studies. The model also simulates four pools of inorganic and organic P, P mineralisation to water-extractable P, leaching of dung water-extractable P into soil by rain, and loss of dissolved inorganic P in runoff. We validated the ability of the model to reliably simulate these P processes, using data from six published dung P transformation studies and six runoff studies. Overall, the model represents a novel approach for assessing the environmental impact of grazing dairy and beef cattle. Research should investigate the impact of dung deposition rate as a function of time and animal diet and type, where deposition occurs relative to runoff movement, weather conditions, and the ability of dung pad crusting to reduce P release to runoff.

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Leaching of dissolved phosphorus from tile-drained agricultural areas

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2016.158 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 73 (12) ◽

pp. 2953-2958 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

H. E. Andersen ◽

J. Windolf ◽

B. Kronvang

Keyword(s):

Soil Layer ◽

High Concentration ◽

Measured Concentration ◽

Leaching Potential ◽

Dissolved Phosphorus ◽

Olsen P ◽

P Loss ◽

Tile Drains ◽

Extractable P ◽

Water Extractable

Abstract We investigated leaching of dissolved phosphorus (P) from 45 tile-drains representing animal husbandry farms in all regions of Denmark. Leaching of P via tile-drains exhibits a high degree of spatial heterogeneity with a low concentration in the majority of tile-drains and few tile-drains (15% in our investigation) having high to very high concentration of dissolved P. The share of dissolved organic P (DOP) was high (up to 96%). Leaching of DOP has hitherto been a somewhat overlooked P loss pathway in Danish soils and the mechanisms of mobilization and transport of DOP needs more investigation. We found a high correlation between Olsen-P and water extractable P. Water extractable P is regarded as an indicator of risk of loss of dissolved P. Our findings indicate that Olsen-P, which is measured routinely in Danish agricultural soils, may be a useful proxy for the P leaching potential of soils. However, we found no straight-forward correlation between leaching potential of the top soil layer (expressed as either degree of P saturation, Olsen-P or water extractable P) and the measured concentration of dissolved P in the tile-drain. This underlines that not only the source of P but also the P loss pathway must be taken into account when evaluating the risk of P loss.

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A comparison of some surface soil phosphorus tests that could be used to assess P export potential

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr06142 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 45 (5) ◽

pp. 397 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

David Nash ◽

Murray Hannah ◽

Kirsten Barlow ◽

Fiona Robertson ◽

Nicole Mathers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic P ◽

Soil Tests ◽

Soil P ◽

Olsen P ◽

P Sorption ◽

P Loss ◽

Extractable P ◽

Soil P Tests ◽

Total P ◽

Water Extractable

Phosphorus (P) exports from agricultural land are a problem world-wide and soil tests are often used to identify high risk areas. A recent study investigated changes in soil (0–20 mm), soil water and overland flow in 4 recently laser-graded (<1 year) and 4 established (laser-graded >10 years) irrigated pastures in south-eastern Australia before and after 3 years of irrigated dairy production. We use the results from that study to briefly examine the relationships between a series of ‘agronomic’ (Olsen P, Colwell P), environmental (water-extractable P, calcium chloride extractable P, P sorption saturation, and P sorption), and other (total P, organic P) soil P tests. Of the 2 ‘agronomic’ soil P tests, Colwell P explained 91% of the variation in Olsen P, and Colwell P was better correlated with the other soil tests. With the exception of P sorption, all soil P tests explained 57% or more of the total variation in Colwell P, while they explained 61% or less of Olsen P possibly due to the importance of organic P in this soil. Variations in total P were best explained by the organic P (85%), Calcium chloride extractable P (83%), water-extractable P (78%), and P sorption saturation (76%). None of the tests adequately predicted the variation in P sorption at 5 mg P/L equilibrating solution concentration. The results of this limited study highlight the variability between soil P tests that may be used to estimate P loss potential. Moreover, these results suggest that empirical relationships between specific soil P tests and P export potential will have limited resolution where different soil tests are used, as the errors in the relationship between soil test P and P loss potential are compounded by between test variation. We conclude that broader study is needed to determine the relationships between soil P tests for Australian soils, and based on that study a standard protocol for assessing the potential for P loss should be developed.

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Hotspots of Legacy Phosphorus in Agricultural Landscapes: Revisiting Water-Extractable Phosphorus Pools in Soils

Water ◽

10.3390/w13081006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1006

Author(s):

Taylor Roswall ◽

Emileigh Lucas ◽

Yun-Ya Yang ◽

Charles Burgis ◽

Isis S.P.C. Scott ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Landscapes ◽

Sequential Extractions ◽

Equilibrium Constraints ◽

Dominant Form ◽

P Loss ◽

Extractable P ◽

Soluble P ◽

Agricultural Areas ◽

Water Ratio ◽

Water Extractable

Controlling phosphorus (P) losses from intensive agricultural areas to water bodies is an ongoing challenge. A critical component of mitigating P losses lies in accurately predicting dissolved P loss from soils, which often includes estimating the amount of soluble P extracted with a laboratory-based extraction, i.e., water-extractable P (WEP). A standard extraction method to determine the WEP pool in soils is critical to accurately quantify and assess the risk of P loss from soils to receiving waters. We hypothesized that narrower soil-to-water ratios (1:10 or 1:20) used in current methods underestimate the pool of WEP in high or legacy P soils due to the equilibrium constraints that limit the further release of P from the solid-to-solution phase. To investigate P release and develop a more exhaustive and robust method for measuring WEP, soils from eight legacy P fields (Mehlich 3–P of 502 to 1127 mg kg−1; total P of 692 to 2235 mg kg−1) were used for WEP extractions by varying soil-to-water ratios from 1:10 to 1:100 (weight:volume) and in eight sequential extractions (equivalent to 1:800 soil-to-water ratio). Extracts were analyzed for total (WEPt) and inorganic (WEPi) pools, and organic (WEPo) pool was calculated. As the ratios widened, mean WEPi increased from 23.7 mg kg−1 (at 1:10) to 58.5 mg kg−1 (at 1:100). Further, WEPi became the dominant form, encompassing 92.9% of WEPt at 1:100 in comparison to 79.0% of WEPt at 1:10. Four of the eight selected soils were extracted using a 1:100 ratio in eight sequential extractions to fully exhaust WEP, which removed a cumulative WEPt of 125 to 549 mg kg−1, equivalent to 276–416% increase from the first 1:100 extraction. Although WEP concentrations significantly declined after the first sequential extraction, WEP was not exhausted during the subsequent extractions, indicating a sizeable pool of soluble P in legacy P soils. We conclude that (i) legacy P soils are long-term sources of soluble P in agricultural landscapes and (ii) the use of a 1:100 soil-to-water ratio can improve quantification and risk assessment of WEP loss in legacy P soils.

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Cross-validation of GPS tomography models and methodological improvements using CORS network

10.5194/amt-2018-292 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hugues Brenot ◽

Witold Rohm ◽

Michal Kačmařík ◽

Gregor Möller ◽

André Sá ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Initial Conditions ◽

Deep Convection ◽

Weather Prediction ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Severe Weather ◽

Vapour Density ◽

Independent Observations ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Using data from the Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS), recorded in March 2010 during severe weather in the Victoria State, in southern Australia, sensitivity and statistical results of GPS tomography retrievals (water vapour density and wet refractivity) from 5 models have been tested and verified – considering independent observations from radiosonde and radio occultation profiles. The impact of initial conditions, associated with different time-convergence of tomography inversion, can reduce the normalised RMS of the tomography solution with respect to radiosonde estimates by a multiple (up to more than 3). Thereby it is illustrated that the quality of the apriori data in combination with iterative processing is critical, independently of the choice of the tomography model. However, the use of data stacking and pseudo-slant observations can significantly improve the quality of the retrievals, due to a better geometrical distribution and a better coverage of mid- and low-tropospheric parts. Besides, the impact of the uncertainty of GPS observations has been investigated, showing the interest of using several sets of data input to evaluate tomography retrievals in comparison to independent external measurements, and to estimate simultaneously the quality of NWP outputs. Finally, a comparison of our multi-model tomography with numerical weather prediction from ACCESS-A model shows the relevant use of tomography retrieval to improve the understanding of such severe weather conditions, especially about the initiation of the deep convection.

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Corruption's Effect on Foreign Direct Investment

International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management ◽

10.4018/ijsem.2013070101 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elvira Pupović

Keyword(s):

Foreign Direct Investment ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

New Model ◽

Transparency International ◽

International Report ◽

New Perspective ◽

Using Data ◽

Investment Growth ◽

The Impact

This study introduces a new perspective on the role of corruption in investment growth and provides quantitative estimates of the impact of corruption on the investment inflows. Motivated by these issues, the main objective of this article is to empirically reexamine the effects of corruption on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in Bosnia and Herzegovina, by incorporating a further link between corruption and investment inflows as new understanding investment concepts. Using data from Transparency International report, World Bank and National Banking Statistical data, it is manifested in a cross sectional setting that corruption has a negative and significant impact on the foreign direct investment inflows. The new model of eliminated unexpected risk involved managing corruption's effect on investments. One has to immediately consider the linkage between corruption and investment inflows and to learn how to manage this phenomenon like old risk of a new model.

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The Major Sudden Stratospheric Warming Impact on Mid-Latitude Surface Weather

EPJ Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/epjconf/202023704007 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 237 ◽

pp. 04007

Author(s):

Yuke Wang ◽

Oleksandr Evtushevsky ◽

Gennadi Milinevsky ◽

Valery Shulga ◽

Yuliia Yukhymchuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weather Conditions ◽

Cold Weather ◽

East China ◽

Stratospheric Warming ◽

Sudden Stratospheric Warming ◽

North East ◽

Surface Weather ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact

The possible relation of a major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) with the mid-latitude surface weather conditions was investigated using data from the ERA-Interim and NCEP–NCAR reanalyzes. An important feature of the SSW event is the impact on lower altitudes, when temperature and wind anomalies descend downward into the high- and mid-latitude troposphere during the weeks or even month and influence the surface weather [1, 2]. Owing to known SSW impacts on the surface weather [2], we consider the possible relation of the SSW event in winter 2018 to cold weather anomaly in the Northern Ukraine and North-East China in February 2018.

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Corruption's Effect on Foreign Direct Investment

Banking, Finance, and Accounting ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-6268-1.ch046 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 850-865 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elvira Pupović

Keyword(s):

Foreign Direct Investment ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

New Model ◽

Transparency International ◽

International Report ◽

New Perspective ◽

Using Data ◽

Investment Growth ◽

The Impact

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Impact of the depth of fertilizer localization on the nutrient regime of Luvic Chernic Phaozem and yield of spring barley

AgroChemistry and Soil Science ◽

10.31073/acss91-03 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 22-30

Author(s):

V. M. Smychenko ◽

◽

M. M. Miroshnychenko ◽

Keyword(s):

Spring Barley ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Growing Season ◽

Mineral Nitrogen ◽

Local Application ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Hydrothermal Conditions ◽

Nutrient Regime ◽

The Impact

The purpose of the research is to determine the impact of the depth of local application of mineral fertilizers on the nutrient content in the arable layer of soil and the yield of spring barley. The studies were carried out during 2018 - 2020 in a temporary small-plot experiment. Soil – chernozem podzolized loamy (Luvic Chernic Phaeozem). The application of N60P60K60 in the form of nitroammophoska or a mixture of ammophos, ammonium nitrate and potassium chloride was compared to a depth of 10-12 cm and 20-22 cm from the soil surface. The row spacing of barley crops was 15 cm; the fertilizer tape was placed at a distance of 4-5 cm away from the row. Mixed soil samples were taken from fertilizer tapes twice during the growing season of barley (in the first half of the growing season and after harvesting). The weather conditions were quite contrasting: in 2018 it was dry at the beginning of the growing season and during grain ripening, in 2019 was dry only during the formation of grain, and in 2020 - rather humid and relatively cool during almost the entire growing season. At the beginning of the growing season of barley in 2018, the highest content of mineral nitrogen in the soil was found with a shallow location of the fertilizers, but in 2019-2020 - in case fertilizer tapes at 20-22 cm from the surface. Location of fertilizer at a depth of 20-22 cm also provided a higher level of mobile phosphorus and potassium in the soil than applying at a depth of 10-12 cm. After the barley harvest, the highest accumulation of mineral nitrogen in the soil in 2018 was found with shallow application and in 2019-2020 - with deeper application. A tendency of more accumulation of chlorophyll in plants was observed with an increase in the depth of fertilization. Local application of fertilizers gave a reliable increase in yield in all variants of the experiment. However, the increase was twice as high when placing the fertilizer tape was at a depth of 20-22 cm as at a depth of 10-12 cm. Application of nitroammophoska to a depth of 20-22 cm was more effective than mixtures of simple and complex fertilizers. It was concluded that the hydrothermal conditions of the growing season and the depth of the location of fertilizers mutually affect the nutrient regime of the soil. The advantage of deep fertilization is more significant under insufficient moisture.

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Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders ◽

10.1044/gics3.1.22 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 22-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brynne D. Ovalle ◽

Rahul Chakraborty

Keyword(s):

International Relations ◽

Identity Construction ◽

Social Theory ◽

Power Relations ◽

Linguistic Diversity ◽

Cultural Organization ◽

Using Data ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

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Interculturalism and the Acceptance of Minority Groups

Social Psychology ◽

10.1027/1864-9335/a000404 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 135-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maykel Verkuyten ◽

Kumar Yogeeswaran

Keyword(s):

Minority Groups ◽

Psychological Research ◽

Survey Experiment ◽

Social Psychological ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Social Psychological Research ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact ◽

Situational Effect

Abstract. Multiculturalism has been criticized and rejected by an increasing number of politicians, and social psychological research has shown that it can lead to outgroup stereotyping, essentialist thinking, and negative attitudes. Interculturalism has been proposed as an alternative diversity ideology, but there is almost no systematic empirical evidence about the impact of interculturalism on the acceptance of migrants and minority groups. Using data from a survey experiment conducted in the Netherlands, we examined the situational effect of promoting interculturalism on acceptance. The results show that for liberals, but not for conservatives, interculturalism leads to more positive attitudes toward immigrant-origin groups and increased willingness to engage in contact, relative to multiculturalism.

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