scholarly journals Economic perspectives on nitrogen in farming systems: managing trade-offs between production, risk and the environment

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Pannell
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Production Risk ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Farmer Behaviour ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Payoff Functions ◽  
Economic Perspectives

Economic insights are crucial for making sound decisions about farm-level management of nitrogen and also about regional or national policy such as for water pollution. In the present review, key insights are presented from a large and diverse literature on the economics of nitrogen in agriculture and the economics of the consequences of nitrogen fertilisation. Issues covered include (1) the economics of nitrogen as an input to production, (2) nitrogen and economic risk at the farm level, (3) the economics of nitrogen fixation by legumes, (4) the existence of flat payoff functions, which often allow wide flexibility in decisions about nitrogen fertiliser rates, (5) explanations for over-application of nitrogen fertilisers by some farmers, and (6) the economics of nitrogen pollution at both the farm level and the policy level. Economics helps to explain farmer behaviour and to design strategies and policies that are more beneficial and more likely to be adopted and successfully implemented.

scholarly journals Economic Implications of Soil Erosion: A methodological framework.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josily Samuel ◽  
C A Rama Rao ◽  
B M K Raju ◽  
K V Rao ◽  
R Rejani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Status ◽  
Frame Work

Abstract Soil erosion has adverse economic and environmental impacts. The economic effects are due to loss of farm income with adverse impact on crop production. There is a need to understand the trade-offs between farm income and soil loss faced by the farmers in making decisions at farm level. There are different methodologies that integrate into a bio-economic model wherein the multi objective linear programming models have focus on the economic aspects and biophysical components. In this study, we tried to examine the status of soil erosion and formulated a methodological frame work for optimising the farm level objectives and their trade-offs for sustainable farming systems.

Design strategies for oxy-combustion power plant captured CO2 purification

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikenna J. Okeke ◽  
Tia Ghantous ◽  
Thomas A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Capture Rate ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Oxygen Removal ◽  
Water Removal ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Technoeconomic Analysis ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
End Use

Abstract This study presents a novel design and techno-economic analysis of processes for the purification of captured CO2 from the flue gas of an oxy-combustion power plant fueled by petroleum coke. Four candidate process designs were analyzed in terms of GHG emissions, thermal efficiency, pipeline CO2 purity, CO2 capture rate, levelized costs of electricity, and cost of CO2 avoided. The candidates were a classic process with flue-gas water removal via condensation, flue-gas water removal via condensation followed by flue-gas oxygen removal through cryogenic distillation, flue-gas water removal followed by catalytic conversion of oxygen in the flue gas to water via reaction with hydrogen, and oxy-combustion in a slightly oxygen-deprived environment with flue-gas water removal and no need for flue gas oxygen removal. The former two were studied in prior works and the latter two concepts are new to this work. The eco-technoeconomic analysis results indicated trade-offs between the four options in terms of cost, efficiency, lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, costs of CO2 avoided, technical readiness, and captured CO2 quality. The slightly oxygen-deprived process has the lowest costs of CO2 avoided, but requires tolerance of a small amount of H2, CO, and light hydrocarbons in the captured CO2 which may or may not be feasible depending on the CO2 end use. If infeasible, the catalytic de-oxygenation process is the next best choice. Overall, this work is the first study to perform eco-technoeconomic analyses of different techniques for O2 removal from CO2 captured from an oxy-combustion power plant.

Trade‐offs in the performance of alternative farming systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (S1) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Navin Ramankutty ◽  
Vincent Ricciardi ◽  
Zia Mehrabi ◽  
Verena Seufert
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Alternative Farming

scholarly journals Alloy design strategies to increase strength and its trade-offs together

2020 ◽  
pp. 100720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Zeon Han ◽  
Eun-Ae Choi ◽  
Sung Hwan Lim ◽  
Sangshik Kim ◽  
Jehyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Alloy Design ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Genomics of sorghum local adaptation to a parasitic plant

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (8) ◽  
pp. 4243-4251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily S. Bellis ◽  
Elizabeth A. Kelly ◽  
Claire M. Lorts ◽  
Huirong Gao ◽  
Victoria L. DeLeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Striga Hermonthica ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Genome Wide

Host–parasite coevolution can maintain high levels of genetic diversity in traits involved in species interactions. In many systems, host traits exploited by parasites are constrained by use in other functions, leading to complex selective pressures across space and time. Here, we study genome-wide variation in the staple crop Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and its association with the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth., a major constraint to food security in Africa. We hypothesize that geographic selection mosaics across gradients of parasite occurrence maintain genetic diversity in sorghum landrace resistance. Suggesting a role in local adaptation to parasite pressure, multiple independent loss-of-function alleles at sorghum LOW GERMINATION STIMULANT 1 (LGS1) are broadly distributed among African landraces and geographically associated with S. hermonthica occurrence. However, low frequency of these alleles within S. hermonthica-prone regions and their absence elsewhere implicate potential trade-offs restricting their fixation. LGS1 is thought to cause resistance by changing stereochemistry of strigolactones, hormones that control plant architecture and below-ground signaling to mycorrhizae and are required to stimulate parasite germination. Consistent with trade-offs, we find signatures of balancing selection surrounding LGS1 and other candidates from analysis of genome-wide associations with parasite distribution. Experiments with CRISPR–Cas9-edited sorghum further indicate that the benefit of LGS1-mediated resistance strongly depends on parasite genotype and abiotic environment and comes at the cost of reduced photosystem gene expression. Our study demonstrates long-term maintenance of diversity in host resistance genes across smallholder agroecosystems, providing a valuable comparison to both industrial farming systems and natural communities.

Ecological-economic trade-offs of Diversified Farming Systems – A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 251-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Rosa-Schleich ◽  
Jacqueline Loos ◽  
Oliver Mußhoff ◽  
Teja Tscharntke
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Ecological Economic ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Diversified Farming Systems

Creating an International Governance Regime for the Digital Economy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Cowhey ◽  
Jonathan D. Aronson
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
International Governance ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Governance Regime ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Impact

The concluding chapter lays out a strategy for creating an international governance regime for the digital economy. It identifies a core “club” of nations that could champion new digital trade agreements linked to stronger international agreements to advance a trusted digital environment—the Digital Economy Agreement. This agreement would revamp trade policy to adjust to the impact of the information and production disruption by improving rules for digital market integration and would create a foundation that simplifies and strengthens the ability to forge significant pacts advancing the goals of improving privacy and cybersecurity while safeguarding against protectionist trade risks. The design of these agreements emphasizes binding “soft rules” that allow significant variations in national policy trade-offs while establishing a minimum common baseline of policy through the soft rules. Expert multistakeholder organizations drawn from civil society loom large in the design for implementation of the soft rules through such avenues as mutual recognition schemes for certifying compliance with privacy and security objectives. If trade agreements prove unworkable as a starting point, such agreements could be anchored to other types of binding policy agreements. However, trade is the first best option for consideration before there is any decision to resort to second-best strategies.

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