Parent material stratigraphy of an egmont loam profile, Taranaki, New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
RB Stewart ◽  
VE Neall ◽  
JA Pollok ◽  
JK Syers
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Widespread Distribution ◽  
The Us ◽  
Glacial Time

The Egmont loam of Taranaki, New Zealand, is regarded as a classic andosol developed in andesitic tephra (a yellow-brown loam in the N.Z. genetic soil classification or an entic dystrandept in the US. Soil Taxonomy). Variations in grain size distribution and mineralogy within a representative profile show it to consist of two distinct units, an upper unit of andesitic tephra and a lower unit, containing up to 30% quartz, which is interpreted as a tephric loess. Correlation of peaks in andesitic glass distribution within the profile with eruptions from Mt Egmont suggest an accumulation period of circa 10000 years for the tephra unit, while the presence, in places conducive to its preservation, of the Aokautere Ash, a rhyolitic ash of widespread distribution in the Central North Island, dates (NZ1056A) the base of the profile at less than 19 850 � 310 years B.P. Peaks in distribution of the minor rhyolitic glass component in the tephra unit are correlated with three major post-glacial rhyolitic eruptions from the Central North Island; the Taupo eruption of 1840 � 50 years B.P. (NZ1548A), the Waimihia eruption of 3440 � 70 years B.P. (NZZA), and the Rotoma eruption of 7330 � 235 years B.P. (NZ1199A). Variations in the rate of quartz accumulation in the silt fraction of the Egmont profile are correlated with climatic changes, a higher rate of quartz accumulation occurring during the colder climate of the last stadial, in contrast with a lower rate of quartz accumulation occurring during the warmer climate of post-glacial time.

scholarly journals Characteristic of Dystrustepts in the Venezuelan Andes

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1777-1784
Author(s):  
Guido Ochoa ◽  
Jajaira Oballos ◽  
Juan Carlos Velásquez ◽  
Isabel López ◽  
Jorge Manrique
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Discrimination Analysis ◽  
Large Group ◽  
The Us ◽  
Acid Reaction ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Soil Groups

The majority (60 %) of the soils in the Venezuelan Andes are Inceptisols, a large percentage of which are classified as Dystrustepts by the US Soil Taxonomy, Second Edition of 1999. Some of these soils were classified as Humitropepts (high organic - C-OC-soils) and Dystropepts by the Soil Taxonomy prior to 1999, but no equivalent large group was created for high-OC soils in the new Ustepts suborder. Dystrusepts developed on different materials, relief and vegetation. Their properties are closely related with the parent material. Soils developed on transported deposits or sediments have darker and thicker A horizons, a slightly acid reaction, greater CEC and OC contents than upland slope soils. Based on the previous classification into large groups (Humitropepts and Dystropepts) we found that: Humitropepts have a slightly less acid and higher values of CEC than Dystropepts. These properties or characteristics seem to be related to the fact that Humitropepts have a higher clay and OC content than the Dystropepts. Canonical discrimination analysis showed that the variables that discriminate the two great soil groups from each other are OC and silt. Data for Humitropepts are grouped around the OC vector (defining axis 3, principal component analysis), while Dystropepts are associated with the clay and sand vectors, with significant correlation. Given the importance of OC for soil properties, we propose the creation of a new large group named Humustepts for the order Inceptisol, suborder Ustepts.

Soil classification in New Zealand - Legacy and lessons

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Regional Correlation ◽  
Reconnaissance Survey ◽  
Soil Landscape ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intensive Land Use ◽  
Made In

A brief review of the history of soil classification in New Zealand is made in order to place the most recent work in its historical context. The first comprehensive system was inspired by the Russian concepts of zonality, and was published as the New Zealand Genetic Soil Classification by Taylor in 1948. It may be regarded as a grand soil-landscape model that related soil classes to environmental factors. Although successful in stimulating the reconnaissance survey of New Zealand soils, it failed to support the requirements of more intensive land use. Soil Taxonomy was tested as an alternative modem system for a period of 5 years but was found to make inadequate provision for important classes of New Zealand soils. The New Zealand Soil Classification was developed using many of the features of Soil Taxonomy while preserving successful parts of the New Zealand Genetic Soil Classification. Historical lessons include the increasing importance of electronic databases and regional correlation, the importance of nomenclature, the necessity of a national system and the divorce of soil classification from soil-landscape modelling.

“Black soils” in the Russian Soil Classification system, the US Soil Taxonomy and the WRB: Quantitative correlation and implications for pedodiversity assessment

CATENA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 104824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Sorokin ◽  
Phillip Owens ◽  
Vince Láng ◽  
Zhuo-Dong Jiang ◽  
Erika Michéli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Quantitative Correlation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Russian Soil

scholarly journals Polish Soil Classification, 6th edition – principles, classification scheme and correlations

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezary Kabała ◽  
Przemysław Charzyński ◽  
Jacek Chodorowski ◽  
Marek Drewnik ◽  
Bartłomiej Glina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Soil Science Society ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Diagnostic Horizons ◽  
Scientific System

Abstract The sixth edition of the Polish Soil Classification (SGP6) aims to maintain soil classification in Poland as a modern scientific system that reflects current scientific knowledge, understanding of soil functions and the practical requirements of society. SGP6 continues the tradition of previous editions elaborated upon by the Soil Science Society of Poland in consistent application of quantitatively characterized diagnostic horizons, properties and materials; however, clearly referring to soil genesis. The present need to involve and name the soils created or naturally developed under increasing human impact has led to modernization of the soil definition. Thus, in SGP6, soil is defined as the surface part of the lithosphere or the accumulation of mineral and organic materials permanently connected to the lithosphere (through buildings or permanent constructions), coming from weathering or accumulation processes, originated naturally or anthropogenically, subject to transformation under the influence of soil-forming factors, and able to supply living organisms with water and nutrients. SGP6 distinguishes three hierarchical categories: soil order (nine in total), soil type (basic classification unit; 30 in total) and soil subtype (183 units derived from 62 unique definitions; listed hierarchically, separately in each soil type), supplemented by three non-hierarchical categories: soil variety (additional pedogenic or lithogenic features), soil genus (lithology/parent material) and soil species (soil texture). Non-hierarchical units have universal definitions that allow their application in various orders/types, if all defined requirements are met. The paper explains the principles, classification scheme and rules of SGP6, including the key to soil orders and types, explaining the relationships between diagnostic horizons, materials and properties distinguished in SGP6 and in the recent edition of WRB system as well as discussing the correlation of classification units between SGP6, WRB and Soil Taxonomy.

Clay mineralogy of soils formed in tuffaceous greywacke, Southland, New Zealand, in relation to genesis, soil properties and classification

Soil Research ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Churchman ◽  
PD Mcintosh ◽  
CM Burke ◽  
JS Whitton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Parent Rocks ◽  
Upland Soils

The clay mineralogy of 12 soils (Dystrochrepts, a Eutrochrept, a Cryochrept and a Placaquept) formed in tuffaceous greywacke parent rocks is presented and discussed. In a New Zealand context, the soils are unusual because of their base-rich parent material which has been partly pre-weathered to smectite and kaolin minerals in geological time. Superimposed on this assemblage are the affects of present climate and soil drainage, which have altered smectite and vermiculite to dioctahedral (aluminous) chlorite. Conventional laboratory treatments cause dioctahedral chlorite to revert fully to smectite or vermiculite, or alternatively partially to interlayered hydrous mica. The labile nature of the interlayer Al is evident in high KCI-Al values. Allophane and gibbsite occur in acid upland soils that are also trace-element deficient. More intense leaching of upland soils with respect to lowland soils accounts for the upland soils' clay mineralogy and trace element deficiencies. The soils fall into three mineralogy classes of Soil Taxonomy and six classes of the proposed Whitton and Childs revision. The classes are not readily usable in the field, and subgroup or family distinctions based on simple chemical tests are suggested.

scholarly journals Properties and classification of heavily eroded post-chernozem soils in Proszowice Plateau (southern Poland)

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-233
Author(s):  
Marek Drewnik ◽  
Marcin Żyła
Keyword(s):  
Soil Classification ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Chernozem Soils ◽  
Material Texture ◽  
Strong Erosion

Abstract The morphology and properties of heavily eroded soils found in chernozems in the upland landscape of the Proszowice Plateau (southern part of Poland) was presented. The issue of classification of these soils was also discussed. Taking into account the terrain context, it should have been assumed that these soils were formed as a result of strong erosion (truncation) of chernozems. These (post-chernozem) soils were relatively young, in which only the development of humus horizon can be documented. However, the accumulation of humus was hampered by constantly intense erosion processes. Evidence of the occurrence of the illuviation process as well as formation of cambic horizon is not visible macroscopically and microscopically. These soils are often classified as weakly developed soils though despite the poor development of the soil profile, they are characterized by potentially high productivity, which results both from the properties of their parent material (texture, porosity) and from their youthfulness (carbonate content both in fine earths and in nodules, high pH in whole profile). Therefore, the name proposed in Polish Soil Classification, 6th edition (‘pararędzina’) seems to be justified. These soils would be classified as Entisols according to USDA Soil Taxonomy and as Regosols according to WRB.

Mineralogical and textural discrimination of loess derived from a tephra near Rotorua, New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
LA Benny ◽  
NM Kennedy ◽  
JH Kirkman ◽  
RB Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Grain Size Distribution ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Mean Grain Size ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grain Size Parameters

Grain size parameters and clay mineralogical analyses were used to characterize and compare Okareka Ash and post-Okareka tephric loess sampled at eight sites on a transect in Rotorua district, North Island, New Zealand. Grain size distribution analyses show consistently lower mean size and better sorting of the tephric loess compared with the Okareka Ash. The mean grain size of the loess is strongly influenced by the mean grain size of the tephra. Trends in the distribution of biotite and halloysite support the grain size distribution analyses. Taken with field observations, the analytical evidence allows differentiation between Okareka Ash and overlying associated tephric loess.

scholarly journals Using Soil Stratigraphy and Tephrochronology to Understand the Origin, Age, and Classification of a Unique Late Quaternary Tephra-Derived Ultisol in Aotearoa New Zealand

Quaternary ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
C 30 ◽  
C 50

In this article, I show how an Ultisol, representative of a globally-important group of soils with clay-rich subsoils, low base saturation, and low fertility, in the central Waikato region in northern North Island, can be evaluated using soil stratigraphy and tephrochronology to answer challenging questions about its genesis, age and classification. The Kainui soil, a Typic Kandiudult (Soil Taxonomy) and Buried-granular Yellow Ultic Soil (New Zealand Soil Classification), occurs on low rolling hills of Mid-Quaternary age mainly in the Hamilton lowlands in, and north and northeast of, Hamilton city. It is a composite, multi-layered tephra-derived soil consisting of two distinct parts, upper and lower. The upper part is a coverbed typically c. 0.4–0.7 m in thickness (c. 0.6 m on average) comprising numerous late Quaternary rhyolitic and andesitic tephras that have been accumulating incrementally since c. 50 ka (the age of Rotoehu Ash at the coverbed’s base) whilst simultaneously being pedogenically altered (i.e., forming soil horizons) via developmental upbuilding pedogenesis during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages (MOIS) 3-1. Any original depositional (fall) bedding has been almost entirely masked by pedogenic alteration. Sediments in lakes aged c. 20 ka adjacent to the low hills have preserved around 40 separate, thin, macroscopic tephra-fall beds mainly rhyolitic in composition, and equivalent subaerial deposits together form the upper c. 30 cm of the coverbed. Okareka (c. 21.8 ka), Okaia (c. 28.6 ka), Tāhuna (c. 39.3 ka) and (especially) Rotoehu tephras make up the bulk of the lower c. 30 cm of the coverbed. Tephra admixing has occurred throughout the coverbed because of soil upbuilding processes. Moderately well drained, this upper profile is dominated by halloysite (not allophane) in the clay fraction because of limited desilication. In contrast, Otorohanga soils, on rolling hills to the south of Hamilton, are formed in equivalent but thicker (>c. 0.8 m) late Quaternary tephras ≤c. 50 ka that are somewhat more andesitic although predominantly rhyolitic overall. These deeper soils are well drained with strong desilication and thus are allophanic, generating Typic Hapludands. Ubiquitous redox features, together with short-lived contemporary reduction observed in the lower coverbed of a Kainui soil profile, indicate that the Kainui soil in general is likely to be saturated by perching for several days, or near saturation for several months, each year. The perching occurs because the coverbed overlies a slowly-permeable, buried, clay-rich paleosol on upper Hamilton Ash beds, >c. 50 ka in age, which makes up the lower part of the two-storeyed Kainui soil. The coverbed-paleosol boundary is a lithologic discontinuity (unconformity). Irregular in shape, it represents a tree-overturn paleosurface that may be c. 74 ka in age (MOIS 5/4 boundary). The buried paleosol is markedly altered and halloysitic with relict clay skins (forming paleo-argillic and/or paleo-kandic horizons) and redoximorphic features. It is inferred to have formed via developmental upbuilding pedogenesis during the Last Interglacial (MOIS 5e). The entire Hamilton Ash sequence, c. 3 m in thickness and overlain unconformably by Rotoehu Ash and underlain by c. 330-ka Rangitawa Tephra at the base, represents a thick composite (accretionary) set of clayey, welded paleosols developed by upbuilding pedogenesis from MOIS 10 to 5.

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