Exchangeable calcium, magnesium and sodium and the dispersion of illites in water. II. Dispersion of illites in water

Soil Research ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
WW Emerson ◽  
CL Chi
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Particle Aggregation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Dominant Cation

Samples of illites, two extracted from soils, one from a shale, prepared with a range of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, sodium were immersed dry into water. The extent of dispersion with time was estimated visually and also deduced from the O.D. of the suspensions derived from the dispersed clay. The dispersion of wet calcium and magnesium soil illites sheared at a given water content and then immersed in water was also assessed visually. The dispersion of all three illites was enhanced when magnesium was the dominant cation rather than calcium. For the soil clays a lower ESP was required to initiate dispersion of the dry clay when immersed in water. Both calcium and magnesium forms of the shale illite dispersed partially over a period of several days when immersed dry into water, the magnesium to a greater extent than calcium. The magnesium form of the coarser of the two soil illites also dispersed slowly. By comparing the calcium-magnesium and calcium-sodium forms of the last clay, it was deduced that about 10 times the equivalent concentration of exchangeable magnesium as sodium was needed to cause the same degree of dispersion. For the other soil illite the water content for dispersion of the wet, sheared magnesium clay was found to be less than for the calcium clay. The O.D. of suspensions of the clays was found to decrease with increasing ESP and when magnesium was the dominant cation rather than calcium. This is explained in terms of particle aggregation. The ease of dispersion of the illites was correlated with particle size. Possible reasons for this, and the effect of magnesium, as opposed to calcium, on the forces between the clay particles are discussed.

The comparative effects of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and sodium on some physical properties of red-brown earth subsoils. I. Exchange reactions and water contents for dispersion of Shepparton soil

Soil Research ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC Bakker ◽  
WW Emerson ◽  
JM Oades
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Water Contents

The susceptibility to waterlogging of red-brown earth subsoils is discussed. One of these, Shepparton, has been leached with chloride solutions of given SAR, in the range 0-7, the last solution being 1 mM in calcium or magnesium. The soil was then extracted with neutral lM ammonium chloride and the displaced cations measured. The exchange of sodium for both calcium and magnesium was similar, following the Gapon equation except at very low SAR values. Some potassium and sodium was extracted from calcium and magnesium soils. Shepparton soil of known SAR was remoulded over a range of water contents and synthetic aggregates formed. The percentage of the clay fraction which dispersed from the aggregates was measured. The water content for perceptible dispersion of magnesium soil was only about half that of calcium soil, the water contents being near the 15 bar and 0.1 bar values respectively for unsheared soil. The water content for dispersion decreased sharply with increasing SAR of the soil. Calcium-sodium soil with an ESP of 3.5 dispersed at the same water content as magnesium soil. Possible reasons for the enhanced dispersion of sheared, wet magnesium soil compared with similar calcium soil are discussed.

Measuring Calcium and Magnesium Contents on the Sludge Composting with Different Treatments

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 3150-3154
Author(s):  
Jian She Yang ◽  
Ying Ding
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Edta Complex ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Sludge Composting

Abstract: Calcium and magnesium contents of sludge composting are measured by using the method of ammonium acetate-EDTA complex metric titration here, through Fermentation accelerant and increased nutrient agent treatments. The results showed as following: 1, exchangeable Ca and Mg contents of sludge single treatment increased more 6.83% and5.12% at the end of composting, than at the beginning of composting. 2, Fermentation accelerant added in sludge from 8% to 40%,，the exchangeable calcium and magnesium are more 4.38% ~ 10.58% and 6.77% ~ 13.78% at the end of composting than at the beginning of composting. The exchangeable Ca increased 19.51% ~ 104.83%, but 6.05% of a decreased trend for exchangeable magnesium, Compared with the sludge single compost. 3, as increasing the amount of nutrient agent from 30% to 50%, the exchangeable calcium and magnesium are more 3.88%~7.75%and 5.24%~9.18% at the end of composting than at the beginning of composting. The exchangeable Ca increased in 11.35%~41.13%,but 49%~-3.96% of a decreased trend for exchangeable magnesium, Compared with the sludge single compost. 4, under the condition added 24% of the Fermentation accelerant agent to the sludge, as the Increased nutrient agents from 8% to 32%, the exchangeable calcium and magnesium measured are increased 2.63%~5.54%and3.6%~4.19% at the end of composting , compared with The beginning of composting. The exchangeable Ca increased in 52.34%~112.04%,but -10.15%~-15.59% for exchangeable magnesium, Compared with the sludge single compost.

scholarly journals Relationship between macrofauna, mineralogy and exchangeable calcium and magnesium in Cerrado Oxisols under pasture

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 996-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Rodolfo Siqueira Vendrame ◽  
Robélio Leandro Marchão ◽  
Osmar Rodrigues Brito ◽  
Maria de Fátima Guimarães ◽  
Thierry Becquer
Keyword(s):  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Macrofauna ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Distrito Federal ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Soil Groups

The objective of this work was to assess the relationship between macrofauna, mineralogy and exchangeable calcium and magnesium in Cerrado Oxisols under pasture. Twelve collection points were chosen in the Distrito Federal and in Formosa municipality, Goiás state, Brazil, representing four soil groups with varied levels of calcium + magnesium and kaolinite/(kaolinite + gibbsite) ratios. Soil macrofauna was collected in triplicate at each collection point, and identified at the level of taxonomic groups. Macrofauna density showed correlation with contents of kaolinite, gibbsite and exchangeable Ca + Mg in the soils. Mineralogy and exchangeable Ca + Mg had significant effects on taxonomic groups and relative density of soil macrofauna. The termites (Isoptera) were more abundant in soils with low exchangeable Ca + Mg; earthworms (Oligochaeta), in soils with high levels of kaolinite; and Hemiptera and Coleoptera larvae were more abundant in gibbsitic soils with higher contents of total carbon.

INSULIN EFFECTS ON CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM IN RATS

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 748-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erling T. Mellerup
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Serum Phosphate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phosphate Metabolism ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

ABSTRACT Serum calcium as well as serum magnesium increased after insulin administration to rats. The increase in serum calcuim was followed by a decrease, which did not occur in thyroid-parathyroidectomized animals. The increase in both serum calcium and magnesium may be secondary to a diminished uptake of calcium and magnesium into bone. On the other hand this may be secondary to a decreased uptake of phosphate into bone. The decreased uptake of phosphate into bone may be secondary to the decrease in serum phosphate, which is a well-known phenomenon after insulin administration. In addition to all these indirect effects, insulin directly increased the uptake of magnesium into muscle and probably also the liver, thus counteracting the increase in serum magnesium.

The comparative effects of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and sodium on some physical properties of red-brown earth subsoils. II. The spontaneous dispersion of aggregates in water

Soil Research ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
WW Emerson ◽  
AC Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Salt ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Actual Concentration ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Natural Aggregates

Aggregates from the subsoils of four red-brown earths were brought into equilibrium with chloride solutions of known SAR, 1 mM in calcium or magnesium. The solutions were replaced by water and the amount of clay which subsequently dispersed from the aggregates measured. For the three soils from the same area, the ESP required to induce dispersion was about 3 for magnesium-sodium aggregates compared with 5 for calcium-sodium aggregates. For the other soil the respective ESP values had to be increased by a factor of 2. The increased resistance to dispersion of the latter was maintained even after sodium saturation. The results are used to show that differences in the dispersion of the natural aggregates in water are due primarily to the composition of the cations on the exchange sites, including aluminium. Shepparton aggregates of known ESP were wetted with water at 12 cm suction. Compared with calcium or magnesium aggregates, there was a marked further water uptake by magnesium-sodium aggregates for ESP > 3 and for calcium-sodium aggregates for ESP >9. The subsequent dispersion in water of such aggregates was much less than that of aggregates treated in the standard way. It is suggested that the spontaneous dispersion of clay from a wet aggregate of low ESP immersed in water depends on the gradient of the soluble salt concentration at the boundary of the intact portion of the aggregate, as well as the actual concentration.

Primary and conditional basic exchangeable cations in Australian soil profiles

Soil Research ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
BM Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Australian Soil

The examination of a range of soil profiles showed that both primary and conditional exchangeable calcium, magnesium and sodium are present in all the soils, but the proportions of these subsets vary widely. There are some general correlations with profile form, and it is likely that the partition of these exchangeable cations will prove useful in studying the properties and behaviour of soils. Potassium differs from the other three cations in its exchange reactions-it is present almost entirely in the conditional subset-and it requires an additional exchange reagent to partition it successfully.

scholarly journals The Inorganic Constitution of Molluscan Blood and Muscle

1947 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Hayes ◽  
D. Pelluet
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Material ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Marine Biological Association ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Lower Chloride ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Whole Muscle

Estimations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate have been made on the blood and muscle of marine molluscs and of the freshwater clam, Anodonta.On comparing marine blood with sea water it appears that the cephalopods show a regulatory power (i.e. difference between blood and sea water) with respect to all ions tested except sulphate. The gastropods have a regulatory power for calcium, magnesium and chloride; the pelecypods for calcium and magnesium.Calcium is always higher in blood than in sea water, while magnesium is lower. Chloride, where it differs, is lower.If muscle is considered as two phases, cells and intercellular blood space, then from whole muscle and blood analyses it is possible to calculate the spaces between the cells, which work out at 11 % for pelecypods and 18 % for the other two groups. Further calculation gives the constitution of the cells themselves, leading to the conclusion that, of the ions under consideration, only K is present in the Pelecypoda and Cephalopoda, while the Gastropoda may have some Ca and Mg as well as K.As expected the fresh-water clam contains little inorganic material. In relative proportions its blood is characterized by more calcium and less magnesium and chloride than that of marine forms. In muscle cells potassium dominates but other ions are present as well.This work was carried out at the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, in the summers of 1936 and 1937, and at the Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, in 1939. It is a pleasure to express our thanks to the Directors and Staffs of these establishments for accommodation,facilities and advice during the progress of the investigation.

SERUM BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN KETOTIC BUFFALOES ( BUBALUS BUBALIS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Usha Choudhary ◽  
Meenaxi Sareen ◽  
Anil Moolchandani
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Serum Phosphorus ◽  
Serum Minerals ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

The present study was carried out to evaluate the variations in serum minerals ( viz. calcium, magnesium and phosphorus) and transaminases in ketotic buffaloes. Results of blood analysis revealed a significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum phosphorus in ketotic buffaloes whereas nonsignificant (P>0.05) difference occur in serum calcium and magnesium in ketotic buffaloes as compared to control. At the same time significant increase in transaminases GPT, GOT and GGT have been observed .

The Nutritive Value of Marine Products: XIII. Mineral Constituents of the Flesh, Skin, Bone and Free Liquor in Canned British Columbia Coho (Blueback) Salmon

1936 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-475
Author(s):  
W. A. Riddell
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Calcium Orthophosphate ◽  
Marine Products ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Mineral Constituents

Determinations of the Ca, Mg, Na, K, P and Cl content were made and the ratios of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus oxides suggest the presence of calcium and magnesium metaphosphates in the ash of the flesh, calcium metaphosphate in that from the skin and tribasic calcium orthophosphate in that from the bone.

Soil water dynamics after fire in a Portuguese shrubland

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquim S. Silva ◽  
Francisco C. Rego ◽  
Stefano Mazzoleni
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Soil Water Dynamics ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Before And After

This paper presents a study where soil water content (SW) was measured before and after an experimental fire in a shrubland dominated by Erica scoparia L. in Portugal. Two plots were established: one was kept as a control plot and the other was burned by an experimental fire in June 2001. Measurements were taken before fire (2000), and after fire (2001, 2002, and 2003) at six depths down to 170 cm, from June to December. Measurements before fire allowed comparison of the two plots in terms of the SW differential, using 2000 as a reference. Results for 2001 showed that SW decreased less during the drying season (June–September) and increased more during the wetting season (October–December) in the burned plot than in the control plot. The magnitude of these effects decreased consistently in 2002 and 2003, especially at surface layers. The maximum gain of SW for the total profile in the burned plot was estimated as 105.5 mm in 2001, 70.2 mm in 2002, and 35.6 mm in 2003. The present paper discusses the mechanisms responsible for the increase in SW taking into account the characteristics of the plant community, including the root distribution, and the results of other studies.

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