scholarly journals The Inorganic Constitution of Molluscan Blood and Muscle

1947 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Hayes ◽  
D. Pelluet
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Material ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Marine Biological Association ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Lower Chloride ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Whole Muscle

Estimations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate have been made on the blood and muscle of marine molluscs and of the freshwater clam, Anodonta.On comparing marine blood with sea water it appears that the cephalopods show a regulatory power (i.e. difference between blood and sea water) with respect to all ions tested except sulphate. The gastropods have a regulatory power for calcium, magnesium and chloride; the pelecypods for calcium and magnesium.Calcium is always higher in blood than in sea water, while magnesium is lower. Chloride, where it differs, is lower.If muscle is considered as two phases, cells and intercellular blood space, then from whole muscle and blood analyses it is possible to calculate the spaces between the cells, which work out at 11 % for pelecypods and 18 % for the other two groups. Further calculation gives the constitution of the cells themselves, leading to the conclusion that, of the ions under consideration, only K is present in the Pelecypoda and Cephalopoda, while the Gastropoda may have some Ca and Mg as well as K.As expected the fresh-water clam contains little inorganic material. In relative proportions its blood is characterized by more calcium and less magnesium and chloride than that of marine forms. In muscle cells potassium dominates but other ions are present as well.This work was carried out at the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, in the summers of 1936 and 1937, and at the Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, in 1939. It is a pleasure to express our thanks to the Directors and Staffs of these establishments for accommodation,facilities and advice during the progress of the investigation.

Trace Metal Uptake and Sodium Regulation in Gammarus Marinus From Metal Polluted Estuaries in England

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Metal Uptake ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Sodium Regulation ◽  
Blood Pigment

The regulation of major ions in aquatic Crustacea has been extensively studied, and it is hardly surprising that ever-present ionic constituents of sea water such as sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and magnesium have been incorporated into highly efficient regulatory mechanisms. On the other hand, we know little of the mechanisms governing the uptake and regulation of trace elements, despite the fact that metals such as zinc and copper may be important constituents of enzymes and blood pigment.

scholarly journals Nutritional factors in milk from Brazilian mothers delivering small for gestational age neonates

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anete S. Grumach ◽  
Solange E.I. Jerônimo ◽  
Marcia Hage ◽  
Magda M.S. Carneiro-Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Preterm Babies ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

The composition of breast milk from brazilian mothers delivering low birthweight infants and its adequacy as a source of nutrients for this group has not yet been fully elucidated. A total of 209 milk samples from 66 women were analysed. The mothers were divided into three groups: G1, mothers delivering term babies of low birthweight (TSGA, n=16); G2, mothers delivering preterm babies of appropriate birthweight (PTAGA, n=20); G3, mothers delivering term babies of appropriate birthweight (TAGA, n=30). The following factors were analysed: osmolarity, total proteins and protein fractions, creamatocrit, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Milk samples were collected 48 h and 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after delivery. The groups did not differ significantly in terms of osmolarity, total proteins and fractions, creamatocrit, calcium, magnesium or potassium throughout the study period. Sodium levels were higher in all samples from mothers of TSGA infants and in samples from mothers of PTAGA infants on the 7th, 15th and 30th days than in milk from the TAGA group. The authors consider the needs of the low birthweight and TAGA infants and that these high sodium levels may be necessary for growth of low birthweight infants.

Exchangeable calcium, magnesium and sodium and the dispersion of illites in water. II. Dispersion of illites in water

Soil Research ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
WW Emerson ◽  
CL Chi
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Particle Aggregation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Dominant Cation

Samples of illites, two extracted from soils, one from a shale, prepared with a range of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, sodium were immersed dry into water. The extent of dispersion with time was estimated visually and also deduced from the O.D. of the suspensions derived from the dispersed clay. The dispersion of wet calcium and magnesium soil illites sheared at a given water content and then immersed in water was also assessed visually. The dispersion of all three illites was enhanced when magnesium was the dominant cation rather than calcium. For the soil clays a lower ESP was required to initiate dispersion of the dry clay when immersed in water. Both calcium and magnesium forms of the shale illite dispersed partially over a period of several days when immersed dry into water, the magnesium to a greater extent than calcium. The magnesium form of the coarser of the two soil illites also dispersed slowly. By comparing the calcium-magnesium and calcium-sodium forms of the last clay, it was deduced that about 10 times the equivalent concentration of exchangeable magnesium as sodium was needed to cause the same degree of dispersion. For the other soil illite the water content for dispersion of the wet, sheared magnesium clay was found to be less than for the calcium clay. The O.D. of suspensions of the clays was found to decrease with increasing ESP and when magnesium was the dominant cation rather than calcium. This is explained in terms of particle aggregation. The ease of dispersion of the illites was correlated with particle size. Possible reasons for this, and the effect of magnesium, as opposed to calcium, on the forces between the clay particles are discussed.

INSULIN EFFECTS ON CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM IN RATS

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 748-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erling T. Mellerup
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Serum Phosphate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phosphate Metabolism ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

ABSTRACT Serum calcium as well as serum magnesium increased after insulin administration to rats. The increase in serum calcuim was followed by a decrease, which did not occur in thyroid-parathyroidectomized animals. The increase in both serum calcium and magnesium may be secondary to a diminished uptake of calcium and magnesium into bone. On the other hand this may be secondary to a decreased uptake of phosphate into bone. The decreased uptake of phosphate into bone may be secondary to the decrease in serum phosphate, which is a well-known phenomenon after insulin administration. In addition to all these indirect effects, insulin directly increased the uptake of magnesium into muscle and probably also the liver, thus counteracting the increase in serum magnesium.

scholarly journals SALT EFFECTS ON SWARMERS OF DUNALIELLA VIRIDIS TEOD

1931 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 765-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. M. Baas-Becking
Keyword(s):  
Acid Medium ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dunaliella Viridis ◽  
Salt Effects ◽  
Specific Relation ◽  
Molar Solution ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

1. Dunaliella viridis Teodoresco thrives equally well in solutions of NaCl 1 to 4 mol and pH 6 to 9. 2. The organism is sensitive to calcium and magnesium, especially in acid medium. 3. Calcium and magnesium are antagonistic. In a molar solution of NaCl the antagonistic relation Mg:Ca is 4 to 5. In a 4 molar solution of NaCl the proportion becomes many times as great (20:1). 4. Although the strains used in this investigation did not occur in sea water concentrates, the increase in the antagonistic ratio Mg:Ca in which they can live closely paralleled the changes in this ratio which take place when sea water evaporates. 5. The other organisms which occurred in the cultures each show a specific relation to Ca and Mg. 6. The size of the cells of Dunaliella does not decrease with increasing NaCl content.

Chemical Composition of Stemflow from Some Eastern Canadian Tree Species

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Mahendrappa
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Organic Fraction ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Concentration Method ◽  
Liquid Samples ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Inorganic Constituents ◽  
Softwood Species

Stemflow samples from three hardwood and six softwood species were collected during May through October and concentrated by the freeze-concentration method and then freeze-dried. Liquid samples were used for pH determinations and the freeze-dried materials were analyzed for carbohydrates; carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen of the organic fraction; and calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and iron of the inorganic constituents.In comparison with hardwoods, the stemflow from softwoods was more acidic and contained larger concentrations of total solids (organic + inorganic constituents).Except for nitrogen, which was present in larger proportions in hardwood than in softwood stemflow, there was no distinct difference in the composition of other constituents of the organic fraction. Concentrations of cations in the stemflow from the majority of the species decreased in the order of potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium. Only potassium and carbohydrates were returned to the soil in kilogram quantities per hectare whereas the other nutrients were returned in amounts less than 1 kg/ha.

scholarly journals The vapour pressure and osmotic equivalence of sea water

1954 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Complex Solution ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Pressure Method ◽  
Pressure Lowering ◽  
Calcium Magnesium

Sea water is a complex solution in which the principal ions are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate. The vapour pressure (V.P.) of such a solution can be calculated approximately by making the assumption that each salt contributes to the vapour pressure lowering in amount proportional to its concentration, but such a calculation would ignore the interactions between the various ions. The theory of these interactions has been worked out only for very dilute solutions and it is, therefore, better to rely on direct experimental determinations. Measurements have now been made by the isopiestic vapour-pressure method (Robinson & Sinclair, 1934), in which samples of sea water are equilibrated with sodium chloride solutions until they have the same vapour pressure. The results are expressed in terms of chlorinities of sea water and molalities (moles per kilogram of H2O) of sodium chloride solution which have the same vapour pressure. It is hoped that the results will be of use to physiologists who have occasion to make up salt solutions equivalent to sea water.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Quality of Ground Water in Kalar City- Kurdistan Region- Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-114
Author(s):  
Hnar Karim ◽  
◽  
Nyaz Ahmed ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
High Level ◽  
Water Softener

This paper was carried out to test the quality of ground water in Kalar city- Kurdistan Region- Iraq, bacteria, TDS, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and nitrate were tested in order to the quality assessment. The assessment was done for the water quality of 39 wells in kalar city as case of study. It was concluded that TDS levels of these wells were high levels in general and the main reason was due to high levels of calcium and magnesium. Turbidity, pH, sodium, potassium and nitrate values for the samples of water were in standard region. The maximum and non-standard values of TDS, calcium and magnesium were recorded in sample of well no. 27 in values of 545 mg/l, 149 mg/l and 52 mg/l respectively. The research suggested water softener system to cure the hardness of the ground water by decreasing the high levels of TDS, calcium and magnesium to be in safe ranges. It was also proposed the reverse OSMOSIS removes as a second way of ground water treatment. High level of TDS was reduced to standard range from 545 mg/l to 296 mg/l through the water softener system and reduced to 98 mg/l through the reverse OSMOSIS. It found that ground water may contain bacteria such as E. coli and Coliform, and chlorine treatment can be used to avoid bacteria contaminant.

Osmoregulation of Lampetra Fluviatilis L. and Petromyzon Marinus (Cyclostomata) in Hyperosmotic Solutions

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-243
Author(s):  
ALAN D. PICKERING ◽  
R. MORRIS
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Monovalent Ions ◽  
Anadromous Migration ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Osmoregulatory Mechanism

1. Freshly caught migrating lampreys were placed in 50% sea water and their method of osmoregulation was analysed. Some osmoregulated more successfully than others. 2. Water balance is maintained by a mechanism involving the drinking of large quantities of water (up to 99.5 ml/kg/day). Sodium, potassium and chloride are absorbed by the intestine (often against a concentration gradient) with the subsequent uptake of water. Divalent ions are not readily absorbed by the intestine and there is some evidence for the secretion of magnesium and sulphate into the gut lumen. 3. The limited urine flow (up to 6.2 ml/kg/day) is used for the excretion of calcium, magnesium and sulphate in high concentrations, but the urine is never hyperosmotic to the blood. The urinary excretion of monovalent ions is not sufficient to eliminate those entering by the intestine and extrarenal excretion at the gills must presumably occur. 4. The breakdown of this osmoregulatory mechanism during the anadromous migration involves: an increase in the permeability of the integument to water, breakdown of the swallowing mechanism which is not dependent upon the occlusion of the alimentary canal, a reduction in the ability to absorb monovalent ions and water from the ingested 50% sea water, and a loss in the large mitochondria-rich ‘chloride output cells’ of the gills. 5. The similarities between the mechanisms of ‘marine’ osmoregulation of lampreys and teleosts are discussed in terms of the evolution of the two groups, and it is concluded that almost identical osmoregulatory mechanisms have evolved independently.

A Note on the Elemental Composition of the Jaws of Goniada Maculata (Polychaeta: Goniadidae)

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Gibbs ◽  
G. W. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Structural Feature ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Distal Half ◽  
Marine Biological Association ◽  
Jaw Apparatus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

It has been concluded from studies of the elemental composition of the jaws of four Glycera species that a high concentration of copper is a structural feature of the glycerid jaw (Gibbs & Bryan, 1980). In Glycera gigantea Quatrefages, for example, the whole jaw when dried contains about 1–5% of copper, whilst zinc, calcium and magnesium, in roughly equal amounts, account for a further 1%. Copper is mainly confined to the distal half of the jaw and a concentration of 13% is present in the extreme tip; the other metals are more evenly distributed. Of non-metals, chlorine is concentrated in the distal tip along with the copper but sulphur is fairly evenly distributed and probably accounts for several percent of the dry weight.In view of these findings, it was decided to investigate the Family Goniadidae, a group of worms that are closely related to the Glyceridae (and often included in that family) but which are readily separated by the different structure of the jaw apparatus and also of the parapodia (see Hartman, 1950). In goniadids the jaw apparatus consists of a pair of larger toothed jaws (macrognaths) plus dorsal and ventral arcs of smaller, H- and Y-shaped jaws (micrognaths), the whole forming a circle around the tip of the proboscis. The present observations were made on Goniada maculata Oersted, the only goniadid species present in the Plymouth area, and a total of four specimens, all about 5 cm in length, from different areas (Salcombe, Rame Grounds and Cawsand Bay: see Marine Biological Association, 1957) were examined.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document